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Patterns of internal echoes in lymph nodes in the diagnosis of lung cancer metastasis

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Abstract

In 1989–90, all 37 lung cancer patients scheduled for surgery underwent transesophageal endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for pre-operative detection of hilar and mediastinal lymph node metastases. An electronic ultrasonic fiberscope with a linear array (EPB-503-FS, Machida-Toshiba) was used. Of 380 nodes surgically removed and that could have been detected by EUS, the detection rates for histologically metastatic and non-metastatic nodes were 65% (33 of 51) and 44% (144 of 329), respectively (p<0.01). Metastatic nodes were detected readily in every lymph node site, especially subaortic and subcarinal. Non-metastatic nodes were detected at low rates, especially in the superior mediastinum, paratracheal, and tracheobronchial locations. For greater long or short axes of the detected nodes, or for rounder nodes, the metastasis rate was higher. Detected nodes were classified into six types by their internal echo patterns; three were rarely metastatic (called “negative”) and the other three were often metastatic (called “positive”). Of the “negative” nodes histologically proved to be metastatic, metastasis was often diffuse. The “positive” nodes found to be metastatic tended to have one of two patterns of internal echoes when invasion was diffuse and a third pattern when it was localized. In an examination of the diagnostic usefulness of EUS, we made more correct diagnoses from the internal echo pattern than by reference to either the long or short axis alone. The short axes, node shape, and internal echoes were examined by Hayashi's second method of quantification. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the diagnoses were 85%, 84%, and 84%, respectively, superior to those by computed tomography done of the same patients.

Résumé

Pendant la période 1989/90, afin de déterminer l'existence de métastases ganglionnaires hilaires et/ou médiastinales, un examen échographique par voie endoscopique transesophagienne (EE) a été réalisé chez 37 patients consécutifs prévus pour une exérèse chirurgicale d'un cancer du poumon. On a utilisé un fibroscope électronique à ultrasons avec une sonde linéaire (EPB-503-FS). Des 380 ganglions lymphatiques vus en échographie et retirés chirurgicalement, une métastase a été diagnostiquée échographiquement dan 33 et confirmée histologiquement dans 51 cas (33/51=44%), alors que 144 des 329 ganglions indemnes de métastase étaient considérés comme tels par l'échographie (144/329=66%). L'échographie a pu détecter les métastases dans tous les groupes lymphatiques possibles, surtout dans les sites 5 et 7. L'échographie a pu innocenter très peu de ganglions, surtout dans les groupes 1, 2 et 4. Les métastases étaient plus fréquentes lorsque les ganglions étaient ronds et lorsque leurs axes principaux (vertical et horizontal) étaient allongés. On a classé les ganglions en six types selon leur échogénécité: trois étaient rarement métastatiques (appelés “négatifs”) et trois étaient souvent métastatiques (appelés “positifs”). Parmi les ganglions dits “negatifs” qui se sont avérés histologiquement métastaiques, la métastase était souvent diffuse. Lorsqu'un ganglion dit “positif” était réellement métastatique, l'invasion était diffuse dans deux types sur trois alors que c'était le troisème type d'échogénécité qui avait été observé lorsque l'invasion était localisée. En analyse finale, on a trouvé que la détermination du type d'échogénécité interne a été plus performante pour faire le diagnostic correct que l'augmentation de la taille des ganglions. Le plus petit axe des ganglions, la forme du ganglion et l'échogénécité interne ont été analysés selon la deuxième méthode de qunatification de Hayashi. La sensibilité, la spécificité, et la précision diagnostiques étaient respectivement de 85%, 84% et 84%, c'est à dire des chiffres supérieurs aux résultats obtenus pour la tomodensitométrie.

Resumen

En el período 1989–90 se realizó ultrasonografía endoscópica transesofágica (UET) en la totalidad de los pacientes programados para cirugía por cáncer pulmonar con el propósito de indentificar metástasis ganglíonares biliares y mediastinales, mediante un fibroscopio ultrasónico Machida — Toshiba EPB-503-FS. La tasa de detección para ganglios histológicamente metastásicos en los 380 ganglios resecados y que hybieran podido ser identificados mediante UET fue de 65% (33/51) y 44% (144/329), respectivamente (p<0.01). Los ganglios afectados pudieron ser fácilmente detectados en cada región ganglionar, especialmente en las ubicaciones 1, 2 y 4. La tasa de metástasis apareción incrementada en los ganglios de más largo eje longitudinal o transverso, o aquellos de estructura más redonda. Los ganglios así detectados fueron clasificados en seis tipos según sus patrones ecogénicos internos; tres tipos son raramente metastásicos (denominados “negativos”) y los otros tres con frecuencia son metastásicos (denominados “positivos”). En los ganglios “negativos” que histologicamente resultaron metastásicos, la metastásis generalmente fue del tipo difuso. Los ganglios “positivos” que demostraron ser matastásicos exhibieron tendencia hacía uno de dos patrones de ecogenicidad interna cuando la invasión era difusa y un tercer patrón cuando la invasión era localizada. Al analizar la utilidad diagnóstica de la UET, encontramos que el diagóstico correcto se derivó más a partir del patrón ecogénico interno que en relación a los ejes longitudinal y tranverso. Los ejes transversos, la forma del ganglio y los ecos internos fueron sujetos al segundo método de Hayashi de cuantificación. La sensibilidad, especificidad y certeza de los diagnósticos fue 85%, 84% y 84% respectivamente, lo cual es superior a lo que se logra mediante la tomografía computadorizada.

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Lee, N., Inoue, K., Yamamoto, R. et al. Patterns of internal echoes in lymph nodes in the diagnosis of lung cancer metastasis. World J. Surg. 16, 986–993 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067013

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