Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Insertional mutagenesis and promoter trapping in plants for the isolation of genes and the study of development

  • Review
  • Published:
Transgenic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Insertional mutagenesis, whether by transposable elements or T-DNAs fromAgrobacterium tumefaciens, provides a powerful experimental strategy to investigate the genetic basis of plant growth, metabolism and development. The linkage of an insertion element with a mutant phenotype of interest greatly facilitates the isolation of the wild-type gene. A further refinement of this strategy is the incorporation of promoter traps or enhancer traps into the insertion elements. These can act as functional tags of regulatory elements associated with genes in the host genome, potentially can improve further the efficiency of screening for target mutant phenotypes, and may provide valuable markers of specific cell types for developmental analysis. We discuss the use of these techniques to study the molecular genetics of plant development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aarts, M.G.M., Dirkse, W.G., Stiekema, W.J. and Pereira, A. (1993) Transposon tagging of a male sterility gene inArabidopsis.Nature 363, 715–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, M. and Cashmore, A.R. (1993) TheHY4 gene involved in blue light sensing inArabidopsis thaliana encodes a protein with the characteristics of a blue light photoreceptor.Nature 366, 162–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, T., Schmidt, R. and Willmitzer, L. (1992) Establishment of a gene tagging system inArabidopsis thaliana based on the maize transposable element.Ac. Theor. Appl. Genet. 84, 371–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. and Mulligan, B. (1992)Arabidopsis mutant collection. In: Koncz, C., Chua, N.-H. and Schell, J. eds. Methods in Arabidopsis Research, pp. 419–37, Singapore World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • André, D., Colau, D., Schell, J., Montagu, M. van and Hernalsteens, J.-P. (1986) Gene tagging in plants by a T-DNA insertion mutagen that generates APH (3′)II-plant gene fusions.Mol Gen. Genet. 204, 512–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balcells, L., Sundberg, E. and Coupland, G. (1994) A heatshock promoter fusion to theAc transposase gene drives inducible transposition of aDs element duringArabidopsis embryo development.Plant J. 5, 755–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, I., Bhatt, A.M., Sjodin, C., Scofield, S., Jones, J.D.G. and Dean, C. (1992) Development of an efficient two-element transposon tagging system inArabidopsis thaliana.Mol. Gen. Genet. 233, 449–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, I., Jones, J.D.G. and Dean, C. (1993) Heterologous transposon tagging of the DRL1 locus inArabidopsis.Plant Cell 5, 631–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bechtold, N., Ellis, J. and Pelletier, G. (1993)In planta Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer by infiltration of adultArabidopsis thaliana plants.C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie 316, 1194–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellen, H.I., O'Kane, C.J., Wilson, C., Grossniklaus, U., Pearson, R.K. and Gehring, W.J. (1989) P-element-mediated enhancer detection: a versatile method to study development inDrosophila.Genes Dev. 3, 1288–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berleth, T. and Jürgens, G. (1993) The role of themonopteros gene in organising the basal body region of theArabidopsis embryo.Development 118, 575–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, M.W. (1984) BinaryAgrobacterium vectors for plant transformation.Nucl. Acids Res. 22, 8711–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blundy, K.S., Blundy, M.A.C. and Crouch, M.L. (1991) Differential expression of members of the napin storage protein gene family during embryogenesis inBrassica napus.Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 1099–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boer, B. den, Montagu, M. van, Jofuku, K.D. and Okamuro, J.K. (1991) Cloning of the temperature sensitive floral regulatory geneapetala2-1 fromArabidopsis thaliana. Abstract presented at the Keystone meeting on the ‘Genetic Dissection of Plant Processes’, Keystone, CO.

  • Callos, J.D., DiRado, M., Xu, B., Behringer, F.J., Link, B.M. and Medford, J.I. (1994) Theforever young gene encodes an oxidoreductase required for proper development of theArabidopsis shoot apex.Plant J. 6, 835–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castle, L.A., Errampalli, D., Atherton, T.L., Franzmann, L.H., Yoon, E.S. and Meinke, M.W. (1993) Genetic and molecular characterization of embryonic mutants identified following seed transformation inArabidopsis.Mol. Gen. Genet. 241, 504–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castle, L.A. and Meinke, D.W. (1994) A FUSCA gene ofArabidopsis encodes a novel protein essential for plant development.Plant Cell 6, 25–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W.W. and Prasher, D.C. (1994) Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression.Science 263, 802–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claes, B., Smalle, J., Dekeyser, R., Montagu, M. van and Caplan, A. (1991) Organ-dependent regulation of a plant promoter isolated from rice by ‘promoter-trapping’ in tobacco.Plant J. 1, 15–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, M.C., Wei, W. and Lindsey, K. (1992) High frequency transformation ofArabidopsis thaliana byAgrobacterium tumefaciens.Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 10, 178–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coen, E.S., Romero, J.M., Doyle, S., Elliott, R., Murphy, G. and Carpenter, R. (1990)floricaula: a homeotic gene required for flower development inAntirrhinum majus.Cell 63, 1311–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czakó, M., Jang, J.-C., Herr, Jr. J.M. and Márton, L. (1992) Differential manifestation of seed mortality induced by seed-specific expression of the gene for diphtheria toxin A chain inArabidopsis and tobacco.Mol. Gen. Genet. 235, 33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, X.W., Matsui, M., Wei, N., Wagner, D., Chu, A.M., Feldmann, K.A. and Quail, P.A. (1992)cop1, anArabidopsis regulatory gene, encodes a protein with both a zinc-binding motif and a Gb homologous domain.Cell 71, 791–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, L., Duckett, C.M., Grierson, C., Linstead, P., Schneider, K., Lawson, E., Dean, C., Poethig, S. and Roberts, K. (1994) Clonal relatoinships and cell patterning in the root epidermis ofArabidopsis.Development 120, 2465–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dure, L. III (1985) Embryogenesis and gene expression during seed formation.Oxf. Surv. Plant Molec. Cell Biol. 2, 179–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Errampalli, D., Patton, D., Castle, L., Mickelson, L. Hansen, K. Schnall, J., Feldmann, K.A. and Meinke, D. (1991) Embryonic lethals and T-DNA insertional mutagenesis inArabidopsis.Plant Cell 3, 149–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fedoroff, N.V. and Smith, D.L. (1993) A versatile system for detecting transposition inArabidopsis.Plant J. 3, 273–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldmann, K.A. (1991) T-DNA insertion mutagenesis inArabidopsis: mutational spectrum.Plant J. 1, 71–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldmann, K.A., Marks, M.D., Christianson, M.L. and Quatrano, R.S. (1989) A dwarf mutant ofArabidopsis generated by T-DNA insertion mutagenesis.Science 243, 1351–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, P.C.G., Hemerly, A.S., Villaroel, R., Montagu, M. van and Inze, D. (1991) TheArabidopsis functional homologue of the p34cdc2 protein kinase.Plant Cell 3, 531–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fobert, P.R., Miki, B.L. and Iyer, V.N. (1991) Detection of gene regulatory signals in plants revealed by T-DNA-mediated fusions.Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 837–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fobert, P.R., Labbé, H., Cosmopoulos, J., Gottlob-McHugh, S., Ouellet, T., Hattori, J., Sunohara, G., Iyer, V.N. and Miki, B.L. (1994) T-DNA tagging of a seed coat-specific cryptic promoter in tobacco.Plant J. 6, 567–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giraudat, J., Hauge, B., Valon, C., Smalle, J., Parcy, F. and Goodman, H. (1992) Isolation of theArabidopsis ab13 gene by positional cloning.Plant Cell 4, 1251–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goddijn, O.J.M., Lindsey, K., Lee, F.M. van der, Klap, J.C. and Sijmons, P.C. (1993) Differential expression in nematode-induced feeding structures of transgenic plants harbouring promoter-gusA fusion constructs.Plant J. 4, 863–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, R.B., Barker, S.J. and Perez-Grau, L. (1989) Regulation of gene expression during plant embryogenesis.Cell 56, 149–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsbrough, A. and Bevan, M. (1991) New patterns of gene activity in plants detected using anAgrobacterium vector.Plant Mol. Biol. 16, 263–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gossler, A., Joyner, A.L., Rossant, J. and Skarnes, W.C. (1989) Mouse embryonic stem cells and reporter constructs to detect developmentally regulated genes.Science 244, 463–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haaren, M.J.J. van and Ow, D.W. (1993) Prospects of applying a combination of DNA transposition and site-specific recombination in plants: a strategy for gene identification and cloning.Plant Mol. Biol. 23, 525–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hake, S., Vollbrecht, E. and Freeling, M. (1989) Cloningknotted, the dominant morphological mutant in maize usingDs2 as a transposon tag.EMBO J. 8, 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, H., Czaja, I., Lubenow, H., Schell, J. and Walden, R. (1992) Activation of a plant gene by T-DNA tagging: auxin-independent growthin vitro.Science 258, 1350–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, P.L. and Marks, M.D. (1989) Trichome development inArabidopsis thaliana. II. Isolation and complementation of theGLABROUS 1 gene.Plant Cell 1, 1051–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, L., Jacobs, A., Van Montagu, M. and Depicker, A. (1990) Plantc chromosome/marker gene fussion assay for study of normal and struncated T-DNA integration events.Mol. Gen. Genet. 224, 248–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewelt, A., Prinsen, E., Schell, J., Onckeleton, H. van and Schmülling, T. (1994) Promoter tagging with a promoterlessipt gene leads to cytokinin-induced phenotypic variability in transgenic tobacco plants: implications of gene dosage effects.Plant J. 6, 879–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honma, M.A., Baker, B.J. and Waddell, C.S. (1993) High-frequency germinal transposition of DsALS inArabidopsis.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 6242–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, Y., Arnim, A.G. von and Deng, X.W. (1993) A new class ofArabidopsis constitutive photomorphogenic genes involved in regulating cotyledon development.Plant Cell 5, 329–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, A., Carpenter, R., Doyle, S. and Coen, E.S. (1993) Olive: a key gene required for chorophyll biosynthesis inAntirrhinum majus.EMBO J. 12, 3711–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, S.E. and Olszewski, N.E. (1993) Mutations at theSPINDLY locus ofArabidopsis alter gibberellin signal transduction.Plant Cell 5, 887–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, R.A., Kavanagh, T.A. and Bevan, M.W. (1987) GUS fusions: β-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants.EMBO J. 6, 3901–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jofuku, K.D. and Goldberg, R.B. (1989) Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes are differentially expressed during the soybean life cycle and in transformed tobacco plants.Plant Cell 1, 1079–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J.D.G., Bishop, G., Carroll, B., Dickinson, M., English, J., Harrison, K., Jones, D., Scofield, S. and Thomas C.M. (1992) Prospects for establishing a tomato gene tagging system using the maize transposonActivator (Ac).Proc. Royal Soc. Edin. 99B, 107–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josè-Estanyol, M., Ruiz-Avila, L. and Puigdomènech, P. (1992) A maize embryo-specific gene encodes a prolinerich and hydrophobic protein.Plant Cell 4, 413–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J., Lim, E., James, D.W., Jr. and Dooner, H. (1992) Germinal and somatic activity of the maize elementActivator (Ac) inArabidopsis.Genetics 131, 449–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kertbundit, S., De Greve, H., DeBoeck, F., van Montagu, M. and Hernalsteens, J.P. (1991)In vivo random β-glucuronidase gene fusions inArabidopsis thaliana.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5212–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klonus, D., Höfgen, R., Willmitzer, L. and Riesmeier, J.W. (1994) Isolation and characterization of two cDNA clones encoding ATP-sulfurylases from potato by complementation of a yeast muant.Plant J. 6, 105–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltunow, A.M., Treuttner, J., Cox, K.H., Wallroth, M. and Goldberg, R.B. (1990) Different temporal and spatial gene expression patterns occur during anther development.Plant Cell 2, 1201–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koncz, C., Mayerhofer, R., Koncz-Kalman, Z., Nawrath, C., Reiss, B., Redei, G.P. and Schell, J. (1990) Isolation of a gene encoding a novel chloroplast protein by T-DNA tagging inArabidopsis thaliana.EMBO J. 9, 1337–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koncz, C., Németh, K., Rédei, G.P. and Schell, J. (1992) T-DNA insertional mutagenesis inArabidopsis.Plant Mol. Biol. 20, 963–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koncz, C., Martini, N., Mayerhofer, R., Koncz-Kalman, Z., Korber, H., Rédei, G.P. and Schell, J. (1989) High frequency T-DNA-mediated gene tagging in plants.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8467–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konieczny, A., Voytas, D.F., Cummings, M.P. and Ausubel, F.M. (1991) A super family ofArabidopsis thaliana retrotransposons.Genetics 127, 801–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kothary, R.S., Clapoff, S., Brown, A., Campbell, A., Peterson, A. and Rossant, J. (1988) A transgene containinglacZ inserted into the dystonia locus is expressed in neural tube.Nature 335, 435–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreis, M., Williamson, M.S., Forde, J., Schmutz, D., Clark, J., Buxton, B., Pywell, J., Marris, C., Henderson, J., Harris, N., Shewry, P.R., Forde, B.G. and Miflin, B.J. (1986) Differential gene expression in the developing barley endosperm.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 314, 355–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, J.C., Oppenheimer, D.G., Pollock, S. and Marks, M.D. (1993) ArabidopsisGLABROUS 1 gene requires downstream sequences for function.Plant Cell 5, 1739–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.G. and Nurse, P. (1987) Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control genecdc2.Nature 327, 31–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, I., Aukerman, M.J., Gore, S.L., Lohman, K.N., Michaels, S.D., Weaver, L.M. John, M.C., Feldmann, K.A. and Amasino, R.M. (1994) Isolation ofLUMI-NIDEPENDENS: a gene involved in the control of flowering time inArabidopsis.Plant Cell 6, 75–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leyser, H.M.O., Lincoln, C.A., Timpte, C., Lammer, D., Turner, J. and Estelle, M. (1993)Arabidopsis auxin-resistance gene AXR1 encodes a protein related to ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1.Nature,364, 161–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lijsebettens, M. van, Vanderhaegen, R. and Montagu, M. van (1991) Insertional mutagenesis inArabidopsis thaliana: isolation of a T-DNA-linked mutation that alters leaf morphology.Theor. Appl. Genet. 81, 277–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lijsebettens, M. van, Vanderhaeghen, R., Block, M. De, Bauw, G., Villarroel, R. and Montagu, M. van (1994) An S18 ribosomal protein gene copy at theArabidopsis PFL locus affects plant development by its specific expression in meristems.EMBO J. 13, 3378–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, K., Wei W., Clarke, M.C., McArdle, H.F., Rooke, L.M. and Topping, J.F. (1993) Tagging genomic sequences that direct transgene expression by activation of a promoter trap in plants.Transgenic Res. 2, 33–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, S.R., Habera, L.F., Dellaporta, S.L. and Wessler, S.R. (1989)Lc, a member of the maize R gene family responsible for tissue-specific anthocyanin production, encodes a protein similiar to transcriptional activators and codes a protein similiar to transcriptional activators and contains the myc-homology region.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7092–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, M.D. and Feldmann, K.A. (1989) Trichome development inArabidopsis. I: T-DNA tagging of theGlabrous 1 gene.Plant Cell 1, 1043–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C., Carpenter, R., Sommer, H., Saedler, H. and Coen, E.S. (1985) Molecular analysis of instability in flower pigmentation ofAntirrhinum majus, following isolation of thepallida locus by transposon tagging.EMBO J. 4, 1625–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, U., Torres Ruiz, R. A., Berleth, T., Miséra, S. and Jürgens, G. (1991) Mutations affecting body organisation in theArabidopsis embryo.Nature 353, 402–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, U., Büttner, G. and Jürgens, G. (1993) Apical-basal pattern formation in theArabidopsis embryo: studies on the role of thegnom gene.Development 117, 149–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinke, D. (1991) Perspectives on genetic analysis of plant embryogenesis.Plant Cell 3, 857–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerowitz, E.M. (1987)Arabidopsis thaliana.Annu. Rev. Genet. 21, 93–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty, D. R., Carson, C.B., Lazar, M. and Simonds, S.C. (1989) Transposable element-induced mutations of theviviparous-1 gene in maize.Dev. Genet. 10, 473–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minet, M., Dufour, M.E. and Lacroute, F. (1992) Complementation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic mutants byArabidopsis thaliana cDNAs.Plant Journal 2, 417–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muskett, P., Wei, W. and Lindsey, K. (1994) Promoter trapping to identify and isolate genes expressed in vascular tissues ofArabidopsis thaliana. Abstracts of the 4th International Conference on Plant Molecular Biology, 2079. ISPMB.

  • O'Kane, C.J. and Gehring, W.J. (1987) Detectionin situ of genomic regulatory elements inDrosophila.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 9123–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okuley, J., Lightner, J., Feldmann, K., Yadav, N., Lark, E. and Browse, J. (1994) Arabidopsisfad2 gene encodes the enzyme that is essential for polyunsaturated lipid synthesis.Plant Cell 6, 147–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, R.W. and Chua, N.H. (1990) Enhancer sequences fromArabidopsis thaliana obtained by transformation ofNicotiana tabacum.Mol. Gen. Genet. 223, 169–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paz-Ares, J., Wienand, U., Peterson, P.A. and Saedler, H. (1986) Molecular cloning of the C locus ofZea mays: a locus regulating the anthocyanin pathway.EMBO J. 5, 829–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peleman, J., Cottyn, B., Van Camp, W., Van Montagu, M. and Inze, D. (1991). Transient occurrence of extrachromosomal DNA of anArabidopsis thaliana transposon-like element,Tat1.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3618–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ptashne, M. (1986) Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby and at a distance.Nature 322, 697–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roe, J.L., Rivin, C.J., Sessions, R.A., Feldmann, K.A. and Zambryski, P.C. (1993) Thetousled gene inA. thaliana encodes a protein kinase homolog that is required for leaf and flower development.Cell 75, 939–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rommens, C.M., Haaren, M.J. van, Buchel, A.S., Mol, J.N., Tunen, A.J. van, Nijkamp, H.J. and Hille, J. (1992) Transactivation ofDs byAc-transposase gene fusions in tobacco.Mol. Gen. Genet. 231, 433–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossant, J. and Joyner, A.L. (1989) Towards a moleculargenetic analysis of mamalian development.Trends Genet. 5, 277–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheres, B., Wolkenfelt, H., Willemsen, V., Terlouw, M., Lawson, E., Dean, C. and Weisbeek, P. (1994) Embryonic origin of theArabidopsis primary root and root meristem initials.Development 120, 2475–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R.J., Burr, F.A. and Burr, B. (1987) Transposon tagging and molecular analysis of the maize regulatory locusopaque 2.Science 238, 960–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R.J., Veit, B., Mandel, M.A., Mena, M., Hake, S. and Yanofsky, M.F. (1993) Identification and molecular characterization ofZAG1, the maize homolog of theArabidopsis floral homeotic geneAGAMOUS.Plant Cell 5, 729–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sentenac, H., Bonneaud, N., Minet, M., Lacroute, F., Salmon, J.M., Gaynard, F. and Grignon, C. (1992) Cloning and expression in yeast of a plant potassium ion transport system.Science 256, 663–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shellhammer, J. and Meinke, D. (1990) Arrested embryos from thebio 1 auxotroph ofArabidopsis thaliana contain reduced levels of biotin.Plant Physiol. 93, 1162–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shevell, D.E., Leu, W.M., Gillmour, C.S., Xia, G., Feldmann, K.A. and Chua, N.H. (1994)EMB30 is essential for normal cell division, cell expansion, and cell adhesion inArabidopsis and encodes a protein that has similarity to Sec7.Cell 77, 1051–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluys, M.A. van, Tempe, J. and Fedoroff, N. (1987) Studies on the introduction and motility of the maizeActivator element inArabidopsis thaliana andDaucus carota.EMBO J. 13, 3881–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skarnes, W.C. (1990) Entrapment vectors: a new tool in mammalian genetics.Bio/Technology 8, 827–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, P., Booij, H., Schellekens, G.A., van Kammen, A. and Vries, S.C. de (1991) Cell-specific expression of the carrot EP2 lipid transfer protein gene.Plant Cell 3, 907–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stockhaus, J., Schell, J. and Willimitzer, L. (1989). Identification of enhancer elements in the upstream region of the nuclear photosynthetic gene ST-LS1.Plant Cell 1, 805–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, T., Goodman, H.M. and Ausubel, F.M. (1992) Cloning theArabidopsis GA1 locus by genomic subtraction.Plant Cell 4, 119–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swinburne, J., Balcells, L., Scofield, S.R., Jones, J.D.G. and Coupland, G. (1992) Elevated levels ofActivator transposase mRNA are associated with high frequencies ofDissociation excision inArabidopsis.Plant Cell 4, 583–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, T., Gasch, A., Nishizawa, N. and Chua, N.H. (1995) TheDIMINUTO gene ofArabidopsis is involved in regulating cell elongation.Genes Devel. 9, 97–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teeri, T.H., Herrera-Estrella, L., Depicker, A., Montagu, M. van and Palva, E.T. (1986) Identification of plant promotersin situ by T-DNA-mediated transcriptional fusions to thenptII gene.EMBO J. 5, 1755–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Topping, J.F., Wei, W. and Lindsey, K. (1991) Functional tagging of regulatory elements in the plant genome.Development 112, 1009–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topping, J.F., Agyeman, F., Henricot, B. and Lindsey, K. (1994) Identification of molecular markers of embryogenesis inArabidopsis thaliana by promoter trapping.Plant J. 5, 895–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsay, Y.F., Frank, M.J., Page, T., Dean, C. and Crawford, N.M. (1993) Identification of a mobile endogenous transposon inArabidopsis thaliana.Science 260, 342–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walden, R., Hayashi, H. and Schell, J. (1991) T-DNA as a gene tag.Plant J. 1, 281–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walden, R., Fritze, K., Hayashi, H., Miklashevichs, E., Harling, H. and Schell, J. (1994) Activation tagging: a means of isolating genes implicated as playing a role in plant growth and development.Plant Mol. Biol. 26, 1521–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, N. and Deng, X.W. (1993) Characterisation and molecular cloning of COP9, a genetic locus involved in light-regulated development and gene expression inArabidopsis. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Arabidopsis Research, Hangarter, R., Scholl, R., Davis, K. and Feldmann, K. eds. p. 14. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C., Pearson, R.K., Bellen, H.J., O'Kane, C.J., Grossniklaus, U. and Gehring, W.J. (1989) P-element-mediated enhancer detection: an efficient method for isolation and characterizing developmentally regulated genes inDrosophila.Genes Devel. 3, 1201–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanofsky, M.F., Ma, H., Bowman, J.L., Drews, G.N., Feldmann, K.A. and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1990) The protein encoded by theArabidopsis homeotic geneagamous resembles transcription factors.Nature 346, 35–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK

    Jennifer F. Topping & Keith Lindsey

Authors
  1. Jennifer F. Topping
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Keith Lindsey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Topping, J.F., Lindsey, K. Insertional mutagenesis and promoter trapping in plants for the isolation of genes and the study of development. Transgenic Research 4, 291–305 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01972526

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01972526

Keywords

Search

Navigation