Abstract
This article discusses the effects of chronic traumatization on children, and its various manifestations in children. It further explains the typical symptom picture, and elaborates treatment issues unique to working with the effects of chronic trauma. Countertransference issues specific to this area are discussed.
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Dr. Ryan is in private practice in Oak Park, Illinois and is a Research Advisor at the Smith College School for Social Work.
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Ryan, K. The chronically traumatized child. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 13, 287–310 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01875910
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01875910