Summary
In non-stressed rats and rats stressed by immobilization, gastric secretion (acid, pepsin), mucosal blood flow (MBF), stress ulcers as well as glucose, insulin, and glucagon in blood were studied during 8 h, with and without additional infusion of exogenous glucagon (0.2, 1.4, 9.8 µg/kg/h). Metabolic clearance of glucagon and the disappearance half-time of exogenous glucagon from blood do not differ during zero stress and stress, a fact that favors the assumption of hypersecretion of glucagon as the cause of stress hyperglucagonemia. During stress alone acid secretion (volume, acidity) and MBF are lower than during zero stress; pepsin remains unchanged. Under zero stress condition additionally administered glucagon inhibits pepsin and MBF, but not acid secretion, in a dose-dependent manner. The ulcer index increased without changing the severity of ulcers. During stress the intermediate and highest glucagon doses stimulate MBF and pepsin secretion, other variables remaining unchanged.
It is concluded that glucagon effects on functions of the gastric mucosa in the rat vary fundamentally, depending upon the environmental conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguilar-Parada E, Eisentraut AM, Unger RH (1969) Pancreatic glucagon secretion in normal and diabetic subjects. Am J Med Sci 257:415–419
Beraha N, Silveira M, Man W, Silcocks PBS, Spencer J (1980) Catecholamines and experimental stress ulcer: morphological and biochemical changes in the gastric mucosa. Br J Surg 67:624–628
Chiba M, Ohneda A, Sakai T, Ghoto Y (1982) Insulin response to glucagon with or without tolbutamide in normal and diabetic subjects. Tohoku J Exp Med 136:169–175
Christiansen J, Holst JJ, Mohn J (1982) Interaction of glucagon and pentagastrin on pepsin secretion in healthy subjects. Gut 23:528–531
Dowd JE, Riggs DS (1965) A comparison of estimates of Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants from various linear transformations. J Biol Chem 240:863–869
ElMunshid HA, Hakanson R, Liedberg G, Sundler F (1980) Effects of various gastrointestinal peptides on parietal cells and endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of rat stomach. J Physiol 305:249–265
Emmanouel DS, Jaspan JB, Rubenstein AH, Huen AJH, Fink E, Katz AJ (1978) Glucagon metabolism in the rat. Contribution of the kidney to the metabolic clearance rate of the hormone. J Clin Invest 62:6–13
Finke U, Seifert J (1981) Influence of glucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the blood flow of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. Langenbecks Arch Chir [Suppl], pp 147–150
Glass GBJ (1975) Endogenous inhibitors of the gastric secretion. Biol Gastroenterol 8:245–261
Guth PH (1972) Gastric blood flow in restraint stress. Dig Dis 17:807–813
Hemmer J, Schwille PO, Schellerer W, Hofmann W (1980) Gastric secretion and mucosal blood flow in the rat as influenced by restraint stress and cimetidine. Res Exp Med 176:207–217
Herbert V, Lau L, Gottlieb CW, Bleicher SJ (1965) Coated charcoal immunoassay of insulin. J Clin Endorinol Metab 25:1375–1384
Kirkegaard P, Moody AY, Holst JJ, Loud FB, Skov Olsen P, Christiansen J (1982) Glicentin inhibits gastric acid secretion in the rat. Nature 297:156–157
Kivilakso E, Ahonen J, Aronsen KF, Höckerstedt K, Kalima T, Lempinen M, Suoranta H, Vernerson E (1982) Gastric blood flow, tissue gas tension and microvascular changes during hemorrhage-induced stress ulceration in the pig. Am J Surg 143:322–330
Menguy R (1960) Effects of restraint stress on gastric secretion in the rat. Am J Dig Dis 5:900–916
Menguy R, Desbaillets L, Masters YF (1974) Mechanism of stress ulcer: Influence of hypovolemic shock on energy metabolism in the gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 66:46–55
Nakhooda AF, Sole MJ, Marliss EB (1980) Adrenergic regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion during immobilization stress in normal and spontaneously diabetic BB rats. Am J Physiol 240:E373–378
Porte D Jr, Robertson RP (1973) Control of insulin secretion by catecholamines, stress, and the sympathetic nervous system. Fed Proc 32:1792–1796
Proctor HJ, Wood JJ, Palladino WG (1980) The effect of glucagon on hepatic cellular energetics during a low flow state. Surgery 87:369–374
Rick W, Fritsch WP (1970) Pepsin. In: Bergmeyer HU (Hrsg) Methoden der enzymatischen Analyse. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, S 962
Sachs L (1972) Statistische Auswertungsmethoden, 3. Aufl. Springer, Heidelberg
Samols E, Marris G, Marks V (1965) Promotion of insulin secretion by glucagon. Lancet II:415–416
Sarcione EJ, Back N, Sokal JE, Mehlman B, Knoblock E (1963) Elevation of plasma epinephrine levels produced by glucagon in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:523–526
Schwille PO, Schellerer W, Reitzenstein M, Hermanek P (1974) Hyperglucagonemia, hypercalcemia and diminished gastric blood flow—evidence for an etiological role in stress ulcer formation of rat. Experientia 30:824–825
Schwille PO, Draxler G, Schellerer W, Putz FJ (1978) Augmented stress ulcer index and depressed blood insulin/glucagon ratio in rats by draining gastric juice outside stomach. Horm Metab Res 10:79–80
Schwille PO, Putz FJ, Draxler G, Bloom SR, Engelhardt W, Schellerer W (1980) Gastric stress ulcers and gastrointestinal hormones—response to hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride infused intraduodenally. Preliminary report. Eur Surg Res 2:317–325
Scian LF, Westermann CD, Verdesca AS, Hilton JG (1960) Adrenocortical and medullary effects of glucagon. Am J Physiol 199:867–870
Semb BKH (1982) The effects of catecholamines on gastric mucosal flow. Scand J Gastroenterol 17:663–670
Stadil F, Rehfeld JF (1973) Determination of gastrin in serum. An evaluation of the reliability of a RIA. Scand J Gastroenterol 80:101–102
Tague LL, Jakobson EP (1976) Evaluation of14C-aminopyrine clearance for determination of gastric mucosal blood flow. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 151:707–710
Walter RM, Dudl RJ, Palmer JP, Ensinck JW (1974) The effect of adrenergic blockade on the glucagon responses to starvation and hypoglycemia in man. J Clin Invest 54:1214–1220
Warrick M, Lin TM (1975) Action of glucagon and atropine on the mucosal blood flow of the resting fundic pouches of dogs. Life Sci 17:333–338
Wolf U, Schwille PO, Engelhardt W (1981) Gastric secretion, mucosal erosions and portosystemic gastrin gradients as influenced by different degress of stress in the rat. Res Exp Med 179:229–237
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Supported by grant no. Schw 210/3 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lockenvitz, E., Schwille, P.O., Hanisch, E. et al. Influence of exogenous glucagon on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow, and stress ulcers in the rat: Dose-response results under non-stress conditions and immobilization stress. Res. Exp. Med. 182, 245–253 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01851714
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01851714