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Microbial populations and activity in two soils of Tanzania as influenced by mercury

Population et activités microbiennes dans deux sols de Tanzanie sous l'influence du mercure

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Summary

The influence of mercury on microbial populations and activity of two soils from Tanzania was studied. Aretan (2-methoxyethylmercury chloride) slightly affected the microbial population of the Morogoro (Oxisol) soil, which was 107 c.f.u./g in control soil and 106 c.f.u./g in the presence of 2000 mg Hg/kg soil. Mercuric chloride at >8 mg Hg/kg soil increased the population slightly, with a sharp decrease at >100 mg Hg/kg soil, dropping ultimately to 103 c.f.u./g at 2000 mg Hg/kg soil. In the Arusha (Andept) soil, the microbial response to the two mercury compounds was the opposite of that for the Morogoro soil. Aretan sharply reduced the nitrogenase activity of aerobically incubated Morogoro soils at Hg levels >24 mg/kg, resulting in very low activity at >50 mg Hg/kg soil. Mercuric chloride increased the activity, which showed a peak at 24 mg Hg/kg soils, followed by a sharp drop at 30 mg Hg/kg and remained low thereafter. In the Arusha soil, the activity was reduced gradually by both Aretan and HgCl2. The response of the activity under anaerobic incubation in the Morogoro soil was the opposite of that under aerobic incubation, in that it was Aretan which at first increased the activity. In the Arusha soil the activity under anaerobic incubation decreased gradually over the entire range of added Hg. Nitrification was decreased by HgCl2 atlevels of <2 and <10 mg Hg/kg soil in the Arusha and Morogoro soils, respectively. The tolerance to Hg by microorganisms in this study was in the order: total population > nitrogen fixers > nitrifiers. This may be explained in terms of species diversity of the microorganisms, which may be expected to follow the same sequence.

Résumé

On étudie l'influence du mercure sur les populations et les activités microbiennes de deux sols en provenance de Tanzanie. L'Aretan (chlorure de 2-méthoxyéthylmercure) n'affecte que faiblement la population microbienne du sol de Morogoro (oxisol), qui compte 107 individus par g dans le sol témoin et 106 individus en présence de 2000 mg de mercure par kg de sol. Le chlorure mercurique, à une dose supérieure à 8 mg de mercure par kg de sol, augmente quelque peu la population. Celle-ci décroît brutalement au delà de 100 mg de mercure par kg de sol, pour tomber finalement à 103 individus par g à 2000 mg de mercure par kg de sol. Dans le sol d'Arusha (Andept), la réponse microbienne aux deux composés mercuriels est l'inverse de celle obtenue avec le sol de Morogoro. L'Aretan réduit fortement l'activité de la nitrogénase de sols de Morogoro incubés en aérobiose à des teneurs en mercure au delà de 24 mg par kg. L'activité devient très faible au delà de 50 mg de mercure par kg de sol. Le chlorure mercurique augmente cette activité, avec un pic de 24 mg de mercure par kg de sol, suivi d'une chute sévère à 30 mg de mercure par kg. L'activité demeure faible aux doses plus fortes. Dans le sol d'Arusha, l'activité est réduite progressivement tant par l'Aretan que par HgCl2. La réponse de l'activité en incubation anaérobie dans le sol de Morogoro est l'inverse de celle en incubation aérobie en ceci que c'est l'Aretan, cette fois-ci, qui augmente d'abord l'activité. Dans le sol d'Arusha, l'activité en incubation anaérobie décroît progressivement sur l'échelle entière des concentrations d'ajout de mercure. La nitrification est réduite par HgCl2 à des seuils au dessous de 2 et 10 mg de mercure par kg de sol, respectivement pour les sols d'Arusha et de Morogoro. La tolérance des microorganismes au mercure dans cette étude est dans l'ordre: population totale > fixateurs d'azote > nitrificateurs. Ceci peut être expliqué en termes de diversité des espèces de microorganismes qui suit vraisemblablement la même séquence.

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Semu, E., Guttormsen, D. & Bakken, L. Microbial populations and activity in two soils of Tanzania as influenced by mercury. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 5, 533–542 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01741830

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