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Surgical management of hepatic abscesses

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Abstract

Amebic and pyogenic hepatic abscesses are rare liver lesions that may require surgical intervention. Amebic liver abscesses are more common in subtropical and tropical climates and in areas with poor sanitation. The majority of pyogenic liver abscesses are caused by infections in the biliary or intestinal tracts. These lesions can be differentiated on clinical grounds and by amebic serology. Ultrasound and computed tomography are the imaging techniques of choice. The initial management of amebic hepatic abscesses is treatment with amebicidal agents. Most patients respond rapidly so that surgery is reserved for patients with complications including secondary bacterial infection, impending rupture, or rupture into the pericardium or peritoneum. Patients with pyogenic hepatic abscesses require a prolonged course of antibiotics and appropriate drainage. Selected solitary abscesses can be managed with percutaneous abscess drainage. Similarly, some abscesses of biliary origin will respond to percutaneous biliary drainage. Surgical drainage has several advantages including: the ability to explore the abdomen for a source, excellent exposure of the entire liver, accurate assessment, sometimes with ultrasound, of the best drainage site, and access to the biliary tree for cholangiography and drainage.

Résumé

Les abcès hépatiques amibiens et à pyogènes sont des lésions du foie rares qui peuvent demander une intervention chirurgicale. Les abcès amibiens du foie sont plus fréquents sous les climats tropicaux et subtropicaux et dans les régions à hygiène précaire. La majorité des abcès du foie à pyogènes provient d'infections des voies biliaires ou intestinales. Ces lésions se différencient par les données cliniques et par la sérologie amibienne. Les ultrasons et la tomodensitométrie représentent les meilleures techniques d'imagerie. Le traitement de début des abcès hépatiques amibiens comporte les agents anti-amibiens. La plupart des patients réagissent vite si bien qu'on réserve la chirurgie aux patients qui ont des complications telles qu'infection bactérienne secondaire, menace de rupture, ou rupture dans le péricarde ou le péritoine. Les patients qui ont des abcès hépatiques à pyogènes nécessite des antibiotiques pour une longue durée et un drainage adéquat. De même, certains abcès d'origine biliaire réagissent bien au drainage biliaire percutané. Le drainage chirurgical présentent de nombreux avantages: possibilité d'explorer l'abdomen pour trouver l'origine, exposition parfaite de tout le foie, confirmation précise, parfois gráce aux ultrasons, du meilleur point de drainage, et accès à l'arbre biliaire pour cholangiographie et drainage biliaire.

Resumen

Los abscesos amebianos y piogénicos del higado son lesiones raras que pueden requerir intervención quirúrgica. Los abscesos amebianos son más comunes en los climas tropicales y subtropicales, y en áreas de malas condiciones sanitarias. La mayoría de los abscesos piógenicos es causado por infecciones de los tractos biliar o intestinal. Estas lesiones pueden ser diferenciadas mediante la serología amebiana. La ultrasonografía y la tomografía computadorizada son las técnicas de imagenología de escogencia. El tratamiento inicial de los abscesos amebianos del hígado es la terapia con agentes amebiciadas. La mayoría de los pacientes responde rápidamente, en tal forma que la cirugía se reserva para pacientes que desarrollan complicaciones tales como infección bacteriana secundaria, ruptura inminente o ruptura al pericardio o al peritoneo. Los pacientes con abscesos piogénicos del hígado requieren un curso prolongado de antibiôticos y drenaje apropiado; abscesos solitarios, debidamente seleccionados, pueden ser manejados con drenaje percutáneo. Así mismo, algunos abscesos de origen biliar responden al drenaje percutáneo. El drenaje quiúirgico tiene varias ventajas: la capacidad de explorar el abdomen en busca de una causa, excelente exposición de la totalidad del hígado, escogencia definición, en ocasiones con la ayuda de ultrasonografía, del mejor lugar para efectuar el drenaje, y acceso a la vía biliar para colangiografía y drenaje.

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Pitt, H.A. Surgical management of hepatic abscesses. World J. Surg. 14, 498–504 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658675

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