Summary
Central pontine myelinolysis is a process of demyelinisation with variable neurological symptoms related to the localization. Predisposing factors are alcoholism and malnutrition. Rapid correction of severe hyponatremia is suspected to be a primary cause for central pontine myelinolysis. We report a 43 year old chronic alcoholic and polytoxicomanic female patient, who was admitted comatose with a serum sodium level of 94 mmol/l, caused by a syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. After initial improvement under careful sodium correction, the patients neurologic condition degraded progressively and within 4 weeks she developed a “locked-in”-syndrome. Only then the suspected central pontine myelinolysis could be demonstrated in nuclear magnetic resonance and computer tomography.
We presume that, although sodium correction was done relatively slowly in this patient, it probably contributed to her development of central pontine myelinolysis all the same.
Due to this case we review the literature on correction of hyponatremia, which shows growing evidence that it should start early but be continued very slowly (rise in serum-Na: max. 0,6 mmol/l/h) and requires frequent laboratory controls.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BGA:
-
Blutgasanalyse
- Cat-Scan:
-
computer assisted tomography
- CCT:
-
craniale Computertomographie
- CPM:
-
Zentrale Pontine Myelinolyse (central pontine myelinolysis)
- FAEP:
-
Frühe akustische evozierte Potentiale
- KM:
-
Kontrastmittel
- NMR:
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- NW:
-
Normalwert
- SEP:
-
sensorische evozierte Potentiale
- UKG:
-
Ultraschall-Kardiogramm
- US:
-
Ultraschall
Literatur
Adams H (1962) Central pontine myelinolysis. In: Jacob H (ed) 14th Congr. Neuropathology, München 1961. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 303–308
Adams RD, Victor M, Mancall EL (1959) Central pontine myelinolysis: a hitherto undescribed disease occuring in alcoholic and malnourished patients. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 81:154–172
Ahmad AJ, Clark EH, Jacobs HS (1975) Water-intoxication associated with oxytocin infusion. Postgrad Med J 51:249–252
Alberca R, Iriarte LM, Rasero P, Villalobos F (1983) Brachial diplegia in central pontine myelinolysis. J Neurol 231:345–346
Anasstassiades E, Wilson R, Stewart JSW, Perkin GD (1983) Fatal brain oedema due to accidental water intoxication. Brit Med J 287:1181–1182
Anderson RJ, Chung HM, Kluge R, Schrier RW (1985) Hyponatraemia: a prospective analysis of its epidemiology and the pathogenic role of vasopressin. Ann Intern Med 102:164–168
Arieff AI (1981) Rapid correction of hyponatraemia: cause of pontine myelinolysis? Am J Med 71:846–847
Arieff AI (1985) Effects of water, acid-base and electrolyte disorders on the central nervous system. In: Arieff AI, De Fronzo RA (eds) Fluid electrolyte, and acid-base disorders. Churchill-Livingston, New York, pp 969–1040
Arieff AI (1985) Permanent neurological disability from hyponatraemia in healthy women undergoing elective surgery (abstr). Kidney Int 27:132
Arieff AI (1986) Hyponatraemia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women. N Engl J Med 314:1529–1535
Arieff AI, Llach F, Massry SG (1976) Neurological manifestations and morbidity of hyponatraemia: correlation with brain water and electrolytes. Medicine (Baltimore) 55:121–129
Ashouri OS (1986) Severe diuretic-induced hyponatraemia in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 146:1355–1357
Ashraf N, Locksley R, Arieff AI (1981) Thiazide-induced hyponatraemia associated with death or neurologic damage in outpatients. Am J Med 70:1163–1168
Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Arieff AI (1985) Changing concepts in treatment of severe symptomatic hyponatraemia. Am J Med 78:897–902
Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Arieff AI (1987) Treatment of symptomatic hyponatraemia and its relation to brain damage. N Engl J Med 317:1190–1195
Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Armstrong DL (1985) Rapid correction of severe hyponatraemia in the rat: histopathological changes in the brain. Am J Physiol 248:F711–719
Ayus JC, Olivero JJ, Frommer JP (1982) Rapid correction of severe hyponatraemia with intravenous hypertonic saline solution. Am J Med 72:43–48
Bartter FC, Schwartz WB (1967) The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 42:790–806
Berlit P (1986) Die zentrale pontine Myelinolyse. Nervenarzt 57:624–633
Berry K, Olszewski J (1963) Central pontine myelinolysis: a case report. Neurology (Minneap) 13:531–537
Brunner JE (1985) Central pontine myelinolysis in a patient with adrenal insufficiency. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 33:45–47
Burcar PJ, Norenberg MD, Yarnell PR (1977) Hyponatraemia and central pontine myelinolysis. Neurology (NY) 27:223–226
Cambier J, Masson M, Durak R, Henin D, Laurent D (1977) Myélinolyse centropontine associée à des lésions plus diffuses de la substance blanche: troubles hydroélectronlytiques en relation avec un traitement diurétique. Rev Neurol 133:89–99
Decaux G, Unger J, Brimioulle S, Mockel J (1982) Hyponatraemia in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone/rapid correction with urea. JAMA 247:471–474
Devereaux MW, McCormick RA (1972) Psychogenic water intoxication. Am J Psychiatry 129:628–630
DeWitt LD, Buonanno FS, Kisker JP et al. (1984) Central pontine myelinolysis: demonstration by nuclear magnetic resonance. Neurology 34:570–576
Fichman MP, Vorherr H, Kleeman CR, Telfer M (1971) Diuretic induced hyponatraemia. Ann Intern Med 75:853–863
Finlayson MH, Snider S, Oliva LA, Gault MH (1973) Central and pontine myelinolysis, two cases with fluid and electrolyte imbalance and hypotension. J Neurol Sci:399–409
Flear CTG, Gill GV, Burn J (1981) Hyponatraemia: mechanisms and management. Lancet I:26–31
Gross P, Rascher W, Ritz E (1982) Diagnose und Differentialdiagnose der Hyponatriämie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 107:1766–1769
Gross P, Rascher W, Ritz E (1982) Therapie der Hyponatriämie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 107:1770–1771
Gross SG, Bell RD (1982) Central pontine myelinolysis and rapid corrections of hyponatraemia. Tex Med 78:59–60
Hantman D, Rossier B, Zohlman R, Schrier R (1973) Rapid correction of hyponatraemia in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone/an alternative treatment to hypertonic saline. Ann Intern Med 78:870–875
Hazratji SMA, Kim RL, Lec SH, Marasigan AV (1983) Evolution of pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7:356–361
Kandt RS, Heldrich FJ, Moser HW (1983) Recovery from probable central pontine myelinolysis associated with Addisons disease. Arch Neurol 40:118–119
Kaye M (1966) An investigation into the cause of hyponatraemia in the syndrome of onappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 41:910–926
Kennedy PGE, Mitchell DM, Hoffbrand BI (1978) Severe hyponatraemia in hospital inpatients. Brit Med J 2:1251–1253
Kennedy RM, Early LE (1970) Profound hyponatraemia resulting from a thiazide induced decrease in urinary diluting capacity in a patient with primary polydipsia. N Engl J Med 282:1185–1186
Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Norenberg MD (1981) Rapid correction of hyponatraemia causes demyelination: relation to central pontine myelinolysis. Science 211:1068–1070
Langgard H, Smith WO (1962) Self-induced water intoxication without predisposing illness: report of two cases. N Engl J Med 266:378–381
Laureno R (1981) Rapid correction of hyponatraemia: cause of pontine myelinolysis? Am J Med 71:846
Lipsmeyer E, Ackerman GL (1966) Irreversible braindamage after water intoxication. JAMA 196:296–298
Marra TR (1983) Hemiparesis apparently due to central pontine myelinolysis following hyponatraemia. Ann Neurol 14:687–688
Messert B, Orrison WW, Hawkins MJ, Quaglieri CE (1979) Central pontine myelinolysis, considerations in etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Neurology 29:147–160
Narins RG (1986) Therapy of hyponatraemia/Does haste make waste? N Engl J Med 314:1573–1575
Norenberg MD (1983) A hypothesis of osmotic endothelial injury. A pathogenetic mechanism in central pontine myelinolysis. Arch Neurol 40:66–69
Norenberg MD, Papendick RE (1984) Chronicity of hyponatraemia as a factor in central pontine myelinolysis. Ann Neurol 15:544–547
Norenberg MD, Leslie KO, Robertson AS (1982) Association between rise in serum sodium and central pontine myelinolysis. Ann Neurol 11:128–135
Packer M, Medina N, Yushak M (1984) Correction of dilutional hyponatremia in severe chronic heart failure by converting-enzyme inhibition. Ann Intern Med 100:782–789
Pfister HW, Einhäupl KM, Brandt T (1985) Mild central pontine myelinolysis. A frequently undetected syndrome. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 235:134–139
Rendell M, McGrane D, Cuesta M (1978) Fetal compulsive waterdrinking. J A M A 240:2557–2559
Rosenbaum JF, Rothman JS, Muray GB (1979) Psychosis and water intoxication. J Clin Psychiatry 40:287–291
Schiffren BS, Spellacy WN, Little WA (1969) Maternal death associated with excessive ingestion of a chlorothiazide diuretic: report of a case. Obst Gynaecol 34:215–220
Schwartz WB, Bennett W, Curelop S, Bartter FC (1957) A syndrome of renal sodium loss and hyponatraemia probably resulting from inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 23:529–542
Siegenthaler W, Kuhlmann U (1984) Störungen des Wasser- und Natrium-Haushaltes. In: Siegenthaler W (Hrsg) Differentialdiagnose innerer Krankheiten, 15. Auflage. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 27.3–11
Sterns RH, Riggs E, Schochet SS (1986) Osmotic demyelination syndrome following correction of hyponatraemia. N Engl J Med 314:1535–1542
Summer GL, McSmythe C (1966) Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. J So Carolina Med Assoc 62:455–460
Swanson AG, Iseri OA (1958) Acute encephalopathy due to water intoxication. N Engl J Med 258:831–834
Tefler RB, Miller EM (1979) Central pontine myelinolysis following hyponatraemia, demonstrated by computerized tomography. Ann Neurol 6:455–456
Thomas TH, Morgan DB, Ball SG, Lee MR (1978) Severe hyponatraemia. Lancet I:621–624
Thompson DS, Hutton JT, Stears JC, Sung JH, Norenberg MD (1981) Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of central and extrapontine myelinolysis. Arch Neurol 38:243–246
Tomlinson BE, Pierides AM, Bradley WG (1976) Central pontine myelinolysis, two cases with associated electrolyte disturbance. Q J Med 45:373–386
Walters G, Monks PJW, Chitty K (1959) Metabolic disturbance due to villous papilloma of the rectum. Brit J Surg 47:177–178
Walton Sir John (1985) Central pontine myelinolysis and hyponatraemia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 319, 428, 470–471, 489–491, 647
Wiederholt WC, Kobayashi, Stockard JJ, Rossiter VS (1977) Central pontine myelinolysis. A clinical reappraisal. Arch Neurol 34:220–223
Wright DG, Laureno R, Victor M (1979) Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Brain 102:361–385
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schmidt, J.A., Krause, A., Feddersen, C.O. et al. Zentrale pontine Myelinolyse nach ausgeprägter Hyponatriämie. Klin Wochenschr 68, 191–198 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01649086
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01649086