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Strukturierung natürlicher und anthropogen beeinflußter Avizönosen im Okavango-Delta, Botswana

Composition of bird communities in natural and disturbed areas in the Okavango-Delta, Botswana

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Zusammenfassung

Vom 12. bis 20. 8. 1984 wurde ein 50-km-Abschnitt des Okavango zwischen Maun und Chief Island mit einem Makuru abgefahren und dabei alle vom Boot aus erkennbaren Vögel erfaßt. Diese Zählungen wurden durch terrestrische Transekte ergänzt.

Die höchsten Artenzahlen wurden im Übergangsbereich zwischen ungestörten und menschlich beeinflußten Gebieten vor allem wegen der Greifvögel, Reiher und Störche sowie im naturnahen Zentrum der Sümpfe vor allem durch zahlreiche Passeriformes-Arten erreicht. Die höchsten Vogeldichten bei relativ geringen Artenzahlen finden sich sowohl bei Bootszählungen als auch bei terrestrischen Zählungen in dem durch Land- und Viehwirtschaft genutzten Randbereich des Okavango-Deltas. Unter dem Einfluß menschlicher Aktivitäten verschiebt sich in der Okavango-Region das Artenspektrum bei den Wasservögeln von den Tauchjägern über die Reiher und Störche zu den Enten und Limikolen, bei den Landvögeln von den Spechten, Würgern und kleinen Waldvogelarten über die Greifvögel, Drongos, Papageien, Racken und Spinte zu den Tauben, Finkenvögeln, Staren, Schmätzern und Schwalben. Insgesamt ist der Artenreichtum des Gebiets durch das Vordringen des Menschen in den Randbereich der Sümpfe etwas gestiegen. Bei weiterer Expansion der Landwirtschaft dürften die Artenzahlen aber wieder deutlich sinken, wobei vor allem die seltenen, auf die unberührten Teile des Okavango-Deltas beschränkten Arten verloren gehen würden.

Summary

Birds were counted from 12.-20. 8. 1984 by macoro along a 50 km long transect on the Okavango river between Maun and Chief Island. The results were completed by counting along terrestrial line transects in 5 sample units of differing ecology (see fig. 2).

Species richness summits in the transition area between cattleland and swamps due to birds of prey, herons and storks and in natural habitats near Chief Island due to the Passeriformes. Abundance of birds corresponding with low species numbers was highest in marginal cultivated and grazed areas. Boat counts and terrestrial counts gave identical results.

Human influence shifts the species composition in the Okavango-Delta from diving hunters via herons and storks to ducks, geese and waders (water birds see fig. 8 a) and from woodpeckers, shrikes and small woodland birds via birds of prey, drongos, parrots, rollers and beeeaters to doves, finches, weavers, starlings, chats and swallows (land birds see fig. 8 b). The number of species increased in the Okavango area due to human activities, but it may decrease by further expansion, which will lead to the extinction of rare birds territorying only in the natural parb of the swamps.

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Utschick, H., Brandl, R. Strukturierung natürlicher und anthropogen beeinflußter Avizönosen im Okavango-Delta, Botswana. J Ornithol 128, 49–74 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01644790

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