Abstract
The theory of attachment draws on several lines of thought to create an integrated body of knowledge about human emotional development. Attachment theory is particularly concerned with the development of human emotions from a life span perspective (Ainsworth, 1991), hypothesizing that observable behaviour is directed by people's emotions, specifically in relation to important figures within their lives. A recent and essential focus for the development of the theory of attachment is that of its long-term implications. Considerable empirical support has been provided for the premise of the implications of attachment security in childhood for psychological maladies in adolescence. The present article focuses on these long-term implications of childhood attachment and presents both an argument for pursuing family therapy when working with adolescent clients and a model for counselling such families based on an attachment perspective.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy.American Psychologist 44: 709–716.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1991). Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde & P. Marris (eds.),Attachment Across the Life Cycle (pp. 000–000). London: Routledge.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978).Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development.American Psychologist 46: 333–341.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Eichberg, C. (1991). Effects of infant-mother attachment of mother's unresolved loss of an attachment figure, or other traumatic experience. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde & P. Marris (eds.),Attachment Across the Life Cycle. London: Routledge.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Witting B. A. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behaviour of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In B. M. Foss (ed.),Determinants of Infant Behaviour (Vol. 4, pp. 111–136). London: Methuen.
Armsden, G. C. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence 16: 427–454.
Armstrong, J. G. & Roth, D. M. (1989). Attachment and Separation difficulties in eating disorder: A preliminary investigation.International Journal of Eating Disorders 8: 141–155.
Belsky, J. & Isabella, R. (1988). Maternal, infant, and social-contextual determinants of attachment security. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (eds.),Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Belsky, J. & Nezworski, T. (1988). Clinical implications of Attachment. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (eds.),Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Bower, T. G. R. (1989).The Rational Infant: Learning in Infancy. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Bowlby, J. (1969).Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (1st ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973).Attachment and Loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. London: Penguin Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980).Attachment and Loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and Depression. London: Penguin Books.
Bowlby, J. (1982).Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988).A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London: Routledge.
Bretherton, I. (1980). Young Children in stressful situations: The supporting role of attachment figures and unfamiliar caregivers. In G. V. Coelho & P. J. Ahmen (eds.),Uprooting and Development. New York: Plenum Press.
Brittain, C. (1963). Adolescent choices and parent-peer cross-pressure.American Sociological Review 28: 365–373.
Burnett, P. (1983). A self-concept enhancement program for children in the regular classroom.Psychological Bulletin 99: 66–77.
Byng-Hall, J. (1991). The application of attachment theory to understanding and treatment in family therapy. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde & P. Marris (eds.),Attachment Across the Life Cycle. London: Routledge.
Cicchetti, D. & Howes, P. (1991). Developmental psychopathology in the context of the family: Illustrations from the study of child maltreatment.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 23: 257–281.
Costello, E. J. & Angold, A. (1993). Toward a developmental epidemiology of the disruptive behavior disorders.Development and Psychopathology 5: 91–101.
Ferencik, M. B. (1990). The supportive and remedial interchange in group therapy.Small Group Research 21(3): 360–373.
Genuis, M. (1993). Childhood attachment and adolescence. In C. Violato & L. D. Travis (eds.),Advances in Adolescent Psychology. Calgary: Detselig.
Genuis, M. (1994). Childhood attachment and adolescent psychopathology: A causal analysis based on a structural equation mode. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton. unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Goldsmith, H. H., Bradshaw, D. L. & Rieser-Danner, L. A. (1986). Temperament as a potential developmental influence on attachment.New Directions for Child Development 31: 5–34.
Greenspan, S. I. & Lieberman, A. F. (1988). A clinical approach to attachment. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski. (eds.),Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Grossman, K. E. & Grossman, K. (1991). Attachment quality as an organizer of emotional and behavioural responses in a longitudinal perspective. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde & P. Marris (eds.),Attachment Across the Life Cycle. London: Routledge.
Grossman, K. E., & Grossman, K. (in press). Newborn behaviour, early parenting quality, and later toddler-parent relationships in a group of German infants. In J. K. Nugent, B. M. Lester & T. B. Brazlton (eds.),The Cultural Context of Infancy, Vol. II. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
Hinshaw, S. P., Lahey, B. B. & Hart, E. L. (1993). Issues of taxomony and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder.Development and Psychopathology 5: 31–49.
Hopkins, J. (1991). Failure of the holding relationship: Some effects of physical rejection on the child's attachment and inner experience. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde & P. Marris (eds.),Attachment Across the Life Cycle. London: Routledge.
Kenny, M. E. (1987). The extent and function of parental attachment among first-year college students.Journal of Youth and Adolescence 16: 17–29.
Kenny, M. E. (1990). College seniors' perceptions of parental attachments: The value and stability of family ties,Journal of College Student Development 31: 39–46.
Kobak, R. R. & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others.Child Development 59: 135–146.
Kobak, R. R., Sudler, N. & Gamble, W. (1991). Attachment and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A developmental pathways analysis.Development and Psychopathology 3: 461–474.
Main, M. (1991). Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) model of attachment: Findings and directions of future research. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde & P. Marris (eds.),Attachment Across the Life Cycle. London: Routledge.
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review.Psychological Bulletin 86: 852–875.
Piaget, J. (1972). The stages of intellectual development of the child. In S. Harrison & J. McDermott (eds.),Childhood psychopathology (pp. 157–166). New York: International Universities Press (Originally published, 1962).
Ryan, R. M. & Lynch, J. H. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revisiting the vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood.Child Development 60: 340–356.
Serbin, L. A., Peters, P. L., McAffer, V. J. & Schwartzman, A. E. (1991). Childhood aggression and withdrawal as predictors of adolescent pregnancy, early parenthood, and environmental risk for the next generation.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 23: 318–331.
Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Attachment classification from the perspective of infant-caregiver relationships and infant temperament.Child Development 56: 1–14.
Sroufe, L. A. (1988). The role of infant-caregiver attachment in development. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (eds.),Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Sroufe, L. A. & Waters, E. (1977) Attachment as an organizational construct.Child Development 48: 1184–1199.
Whitaker, C. (1989).Midnight Musings of a Family Therapist. New York: Norton.
White, M. & Epston, D. (1990).Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. New York: Norton.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Portions of this work were completed with support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, project number 410-91165. The opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Council.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Genuis, M.L. Long-term consequences of childhood attachment: Implications for counselling adolescents. Int J Adv Counselling 17, 263–274 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01407742
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01407742