Summary
Pre-pubertal immunisation of mice with a formalin-inactivated type 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus vaccine conferred a level of life-long protection against primary type 2 genital infection. Protection levels were better with type 1 vaccine and strikingly influenced by vaccine dosage where a one-hundred-fold reduction from the standard vaccine dosage diminished protection to insignificant levels. Vaccine efficacy was not significantly affected by the method of virus inactivation, the number of immunisations or the age of the mouse at immunisation. Vaccination conferred better protection than previous type 2 genital infection; this may be a consequence of a higher antigenic dose, more acceptable antigenic presentation or to a perversion of the immune response in a latently infected animal to homologous virus challenge.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adam, E., Kaufman, R. H., Melnick, R. H., Levy, A. H., Rawls, W. E.: Seroepidemiologic studies of herpes virus type 2 and carcinoma of the cervix IV. Amer. J. Epidemiol.98, 77 (1974).
Anderson, W. A., Kilbourne, E. D.: Immunization of mice with inactivated herpes simplex virus. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.107, 518 (1961).
Asher, L. V. S., Walz, M. A., Notkins, A. L.: Effect of immunization on the development of latent ganglionic infection in mice challenged intravaginally with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.131, 788 (1978).
Benda, R., Dbaly, V.: Immunogenic properties of formalin herpes antigen prepared from cell cultures. J. Hyg., Epidemiol., Microbiol., Immunol.17, 237 (1973).
Duff, R., Rapp, F.: Oncogenic transformation of hamster cells after exposure to herpes simplex virus type 2. Nature (New Biol.)233, 48 (1971).
Ennis, F. A.: Host defense mechanisms against herpes simplex virus. II. Protection conferred by sensitized spleen cells. J. inf. Dis.127, 632 (1973).
Geder, L., Skinner, G. R. B.: Differentiation between type 1 and type 2 strains of herpes simplex virus by an indirect immunofluorescent technique. J. gen. Virol.12, 179 (1971).
Kitces, E. N., Morahan, P. S., Tew, J. G., Murray, B. K.: Protection from oral herpes simplex virus infection by a nucleic acid-free virus vaccine. Infect. Immun.16, 955 (1977).
Lipchutz, B.: Untersuchungen über die Ätiologie der Krankheiten der Herpesgruppe. Arch. Derm. Syph.136, 428 (1921).
MacPherson, I., Stoker, M.: Polyoma transformation of hamster cell clones—an investigation of genetic factors affecting cell competence. Virology16, 147 (1962).
McKendall, R. R.: Efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 1 immunization in protecting against acute and latent infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice. Infect. Immun.16, 717 (1977).
McNab, J. C. M.: Transformation of rat embryo cells by temperature sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus. J. gen. Virol.24, 143 (1974).
Nahmias, A. J., Josey, W. E., Naib, Z. M., Lucé, C. F., Duffey, A.: Antibodies toHerpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2 in humans. I. Patients with genital infections. Amer. J. Epidemiol.91, 539 (1970).
Nahmias, A. J., Roizman, B.: Infection with herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. N. Engl. J. Med.289, 719 (1973).
Pauls, F. P., Dowdle, W. R.: A serological study ofHerpesvirus hominis strains by microneutralisation tests. J. Immunol.98, 941 (1967).
Plummer, G., Goodheart, C. R., Miyagi, M., Skinner, G. R. B., Thouless, M. E., Wildy, P.: Herpes simplex viruses: Discrimination of types and correlation between different characteristics. Virology60, 206 (1974).
Price, R. W., Walz, M. A., Wohlenberg, C., Notkins, A. L.: Latent infection of sensory ganglia with herpes simplex virus: efficacy of immunisation. Science188, 938 (1975).
Rager-Zisman, B., Allison, A. C.: Mechanism of immunologic resistance to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. J. Immunol.116, 35 (1976).
Rawls, W. E., Gardner, H. L., Flanders, R. W., Lowry, S. P., Kaufman, R. H., Melnick, J. L.: Genital herpes in two social groups. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol.110, 682 (1971).
Russell, W. C.: A sensitive and precise plaque assay for herpes virus. Nature195, 1028 (1962).
Sim, C., Watson, D. H.: The role of type-specific and cross-reacting structural antigens in the neutralisation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. J. gen. Virol.19, 217 (1973).
Skinner, G. R. B.: Transformation of primary hamster embryo fibroblasts by type 2 simplex virus: evidence for a ‘hit-and-run’ mechanism. Brit. J. exp. Pathol.57, 361 (1976).
Skinner, G. R. B., Hartley, C. E., Moles, A. W., Williams, D. R., Buchan, A.: The preparation, efficacy and safety of a herpes simplex vaccine for human subjects. (In preparation.)
Skinner, G. R. B., Taylor, J., Edwards, J.: Precipitating antibodies to herpes simplex virus in human sera: a prevalence of antibody to common antigen (Band II). Intervirology4, 320 (1975).
Skinner, G. R. B., Thouless, M. E., Edwards, J., Trueman, S., Gibbs, A. J.: Sero-relatedness of type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex virus; type-specificity of antibody response. Immunology31, 481 (1976).
Skinner, G. R. B., Whitney, J. E., Hartley, C.: Prevalence of type-specific antibody against type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex virus in women with abnormal cervical cytology; evidence towards pre-pubertal vaccination of sero-negative female subjects. Arch. Virol.54, 211 (1977).
Skinner, G. R. B., Williams, D. R., Buchan, A., Whitney, J., Harding, M., Bodfish, K.: Preparation and efficacy of an inactivated sub-unit vaccine (NFU BHK) against type 2 herpes simplex virus infection. Med. Microbiol. Immunol.166, 119 (1978).
Vantsis, J. F., Wildy, P.: Interaction of herpes virus and HeLa cells: comparison of cell killing and infective centre formation. Virology17, 225 (1962).
Walz, M. A., Price, R. W., Hayashi, K. et al.: Effect of immunization on acute and latent infection of vagino-uterine tissue with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. J. inf. Dis.135, 744 (1977).
Wildy, P.: Recombination with herpes simplex virus. J. gen. Microbiol.13, 340 (1955).
Williams, D. R., Whitney, J., Harding, M., Bodfish, K., Skinner, G. R. B.: Cytological evaluation of experimental type 2 herpes simplex infection in mice. Acta Cytologica22, 41 (1978).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
With 6 Figures
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Skinner, G.R.B., Williams, D.R., Moles, A.W. et al. Prepubertal vaccination of mice against experimental infection of the genital tract with type 2 herpes simplex virus. Archives of Virology 64, 329–338 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01320618
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01320618