Abstract
Used meta-analysis to analyze 66 studies that evaluated the relationship between social support available to the mother and maternal behaviors and attitudes. Investigators sampled relatively homogeneous populations of white, middle-class, married mothers of young children without physical or mental disabilities. A variety of instruments were used to assess key study variables. Significant correlations existed between both emotional and material support and maternal behaviors. Implications of these findings for funding of family support programs and for professionals working with mothers are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Appendix
Abernathy, V. D. (1969).Husband, mother, and social network in relation to the maternal response. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Adamakos, H., Ryan, K., Ullman, D. G., Pascoe, J., Diaz, R., & Chessare, J. (1986). Maternal social support as a predictor of mother & child stress and stimulation.Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 463–470.
Barnard, K. E., & Eyres, S. J. (1979).Child health assessment. Part 2: The first year of life. Hyattsville, MD: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Bowen, G. L. (1982). Social network and the maternal role satisfaction of formerly-married mothers.Journal of Divorce, 5, 77–85.
Brandt, P. A. (1984). Stress-buffering effects of social support on maternal discipline.Nursing Research, 33, 229–234.
Brassard, J. A. (1982).Beyond family structure: Mother—child interaction and personal social networks. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Capuzzi, C. O. (1986). Effects of stress and social support on maternal attachment with a handicapped infant. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Portland State University, Portland, OR.
Causby, V. (1985). The relationship of role sharing and social support to maternal interactions with preschool handicapped children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
Colletta, N. D. (1979). Support systems after divorce: Incidence and impact.Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 837–846.
Colletta, N. D. (1981). Social support and the risk of maternal rejection by adolescent mothers.Journal of Psychology, 109, 191–197.
Cotterell, J. L. (1986). Work and community influences on the quality of child-rearing.Child Development, 57, 362–374.
Crittenden, P. M. (1985). Social networks, quality of child-rearing, and child development.Child Development, 56, 1299–1313.
Crnic, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Ragozin, A. S., Robinson, N. M., & Bashan, R. B. (1983). Effects of stress and social support on mothers and pre-mature and full-term infants.Child Development, 54, 209–217.
Crockenberg, S. B. (1981). Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social support influences on the security of infant-mother attachment.Child Development, 52, 857–865.
Crockenberg, S. B. (1985). Professional support and care of infants by adolescent mothers in England and the United States.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10, 413–428.
Crockenberg, S. B. (1987). Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers.Child Development, 58, 964–975.
Curry, M. A. (1983). Variables related to adaptation to motherhood in “normal” primiparous women.JOGN Nursing, 115–121.
Del Valle, P. R. (1986).The effects of parent training/support groups on self-esteem, deviant behavior, and mother—child relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne.
Egeland, B., & Brunnquell, D. (1979). An at-risk approach to the study of child abuse. Infant Psychiatry, 38, 219–235.
Entwisle, D. R. (1981).The first birth: A family turning point. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Erickson, E. S. (1983).Transition to motherhood: Effects of preparation and isolation upon a measure of mastery in primiparas. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
Farley, S. S. (1984).The relationship between pregnant adolescents' social support systems and their identification with the mothering role. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Feiring, C. (1975).The influence of the child and the secondary parent on maternal behavior: Toward a social systems view of early infant—mother attachment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
Feiring, C., Fox, N. A., Jaskir, J., & Lewis, M. (1987). The relation between social support, infant risk status, and mother—infant interaction. Developmental Psychology, 23, 400–405.
Fleming, A. S., Flett, G. L., Ruble, D. N., & Shaul, D. L. (1988). Postpartum adjustment in first-time mothers: Relations between mood, maternal attitudes, and mother—infant interactions.Developmental Psychology, 24, 71–81.
Flesock, M. W. (1984).Parental practices and attitudes in single parent families: The influence of family structure, social class, and social support. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles.
Garver, P. M. (1986).Relationship among social support dimensions, maternal age, and mother—infant interactions in adolescent mother—infant dyads. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC.
Gerson, L. F. (1982). Maternal responsiveness to infant cues as a function of social supports and infant temperament. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Grossman, F. K., Eichler, L. S., & Winickoff, S. A. (1980).Pregnancy, birth and parenthood. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Halpern, R., & Covey, L. (1983). Community support for adolescent parents and their children: The Parent-To-Parent Program in Vermont.Journal of Primary Prevention, 3, 160–173.
Holtzman, E. H., & Gilbert, L. A. (1987). Social support networks for parenting and psychological well-being among dual-earner Mexican-American families.Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 176–186.
Hunter, R. S., Kilstrom, N., Kraybill, E. N., & Loda, F. (1978). Antecedents of child abuse and neglect in premature infants: A prospective study in a newborn intensive care unit.Pediatrics, 61, 629–635.
Johnson, C. B. (1980).The relationship of maternal stress and social supports to mother—infant interaction and infant development of the premature neonate. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Johnston, C. (1987). Maternal characteristics, parenting behavior, and deviant child behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Jordan, P. L. (1984).Relationship among social network characteristics, perceived social support, marital satisfaction, and postpartum adaptation in couples having a second child. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Kagey, J. R., Vivace, J., & Lutz, W. (1981). Mental health primary prevention: The role of parent mutual support groups.American Journal of Public Health, 71, 166–167.
Kahn, S. (1978).Social support as a moderating influence during the transition to parenthood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
Kanigsberg, J. S., & Levant, R. F. (1988). Parental attitudes and children's self-concept and behavior following parents' participation in parent training groups. Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 152–160.
Kenney, C. A. (1985).Social support as a determinant of maternal behavior toward preterm newborns. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of San Francisco, San Francisco.
King, J. R. (1987).Support and experience interventions for first-time parents: The effects on attitude and behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Lamb, M. E., & Elster, A. B. (1985). Adolescent mother—infant—father relationships.Developmental Psychology, 21, 768–773.
Lee, D. L. (1987).The support group training project: A program of support groups for pregnant single women and single mothers of infants. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Levine, L., Coll, C. T., & Oh, W. (1985). Determinants of mother—infant interaction in adolescent mothers.Pediatrics, 75, 23–29.
Longfellow, C. J. (1979).Social support and mother—child interactions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge.
Luster, T. J. (1985).Influences on maternal behavior: Child-rearing beliefs, social support and infant temperament. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Luttrell, M. F. (1986).Environmental stimulation by low income mothers and its relationship to prenatal expectations and social support. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Madden, J., O'Hara, J., & Levenstein, P. (1984). Home again: Effects of the mother—child home program on mother and child.Child Development, 55, 636–647.
Norbeck, J. S., & Sheiner, M. (1982). Sources of social support related to single-parent functioning.Research in Nursing and Health, 5, 3–12.
Pascoe, J. M., Loda. F. A., Jeffries, V., & Earp, J. A. (1981). The association between mothers' social support and provision of stimulation to their children.Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2, 15–19.
Raikes, H. H. (1981).Mothering and postpartum social networks. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames.
Richardson, R. (1984).Interpersonal competencies as a determinant of parenting in social contexts: Social network involvement and child-rearing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
Saulnier, K. M. (1984).Social networks and the transition to motherhood: A longitudinal analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
Schwartz, S. S. (1988).Family correlates of impulsivity and social competence in preschool children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago.
Shereshefsky, P. M., & Yarrow, L. (1973).Psychological aspects of a first pregnancy and early postnatal adaptation. New York: Raven.
Slaughter, D. (1983). Early intervention and its effects on maternal and child development.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48.
Sosa, R., Kennell, J., Klaus, J., Robertson, S., & Urrutia, J. (1980). The effect of a supportive companion on perinatal problems, length of labor, and mother—infant interaction.New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 597–600.
Stevens, J. H. (1988). Social support, locus of control, and parenting in three low-income groups of mothers: Black teenagers, black adults, and white adults.Child Development, 59, 635–642.
Sturm, S. C. (1985).The relationship between family cohesion, mother's perception of social support, and mother—infant interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
Telleen, S., Herzog, A., & Kilbane, T. (1989). The impact of a family support program on social support and parenting stress.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 1–10.
Thompson, M. S. (1982).Adolescent motherhood, social support and parenting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin at Madison.
Wandersman, L. P. (1978). Parenting groups to support the adjustment to parenthood.Family Perspective, 117–127.
Wandersman, L., Wandersman, A., & Kahn, S. (1980). Social support in the transition to parenthood.Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 332–342.
Weinraub, M., & Wolf, B. M. (1983). Effects of stress and social supports on mother—child interactions in single and two-parent families.Child Development, 54, 1297–1311.
Wolf, B. M. (1987).Stress and social supports: Impact on parenting and child development in single and two parent families. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
Zarling, C. L., Hirsch, B. J., & Landry, S. (1988). Maternal social networks and mother-infant interactions in full-term and very low birth weight, preterm infants.Child Development, 59, 178–185.
Zepeda, M. (1984).Mother—infant behavior in Mexican and Mexican-American women: A study of the relationship of selected prenatal perinatal and postnatal events. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
References
Abidin, R. (1983). Parenting stress index. Charlottesville: University of Virginia.
Barrera, M., Sandler, L, & Ramsey, T. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students.American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435–447.
Bayley, N. (1969).Bayley scales of infant development: Birth to two years. New York: Psychological Corp.
Cohen J. (1969).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.
Cook, T. D., & Leviton, L. C. (1980). Reviewing the literature: A comparison of traditional methods with meta-analysis.Journal of Personality, 48, 449–472.
Crnic, K. A., Friedrich, W. N., & Greenberg, M. (1983). Adaptation of families with mentally retarded children: A model of stress, coping, and family ecology.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 125–138.
Crockenberg, S. B. (1981). Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social support influences on the security of mother—infant attachment.Child Development, 52, 857–865.
Devine, E. C., & Cook, T. D. (1983). A meta-analytic analysis of effects of psychoeducational interventions on length of post surgical hospital stay.Nursing Research, 32, 267–273.
Durlak, J., & Lipsey, M. (1991). A practitioner's guide to meta-analysis.American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 291–332.
Dyer, E. (1963). Parenthood as crisis: A re-study.Journal of Marriage and Family Living, 25, 196–201.
Glass, G. V., McGaw, B., & Smith, M. L. (1981).Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Grossman, F. K., Eichler, L. S., & Winickoff, S. A. (1980).Pregnancy, birth, and parenthood. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Hauser-Cram, P. (1988). The possibilities and limitations of meta-analysis in understanding family program impact. In H. Weiss & F. Jacobs (Eds.),Evaluating family programs. New York: Aldine DeGruyter.
Hedges, L. V. (1987). How hard is hard science, how soft is soft science? The empirical cumulativeness of research.American Psychologist, 42, 443–455.
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–218.
Hunter, J., Schmidt, F., & Jackson, G. (1982).Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Kagan, S., Powell, D., Weissbourd, B., & Zigler, E. (1987). America's Family Support Programs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Kazak, A. E., & Marvin, R. S. (1984). Differences, difficulties, and adaptation: Stress and social networks in families with a handicapped child.Family Relations, 33, 67–77.
Norbeck, J., Lindsey, A., & Carrieri, V. (1981). The development of an instrument to measure social support.Nursing Research, 30, 264–269.
Pridham, K., Egan, K., Chang, A., & Hansen, M. (1986). Life with new baby: Stressors, supports, and maternal experience.Public Health Nursing, 3, 225–239.
Rosenthal, R. (1982). Valid interpretation of quantitative research results. In D. Brinberg & L. Kidder (Eds.),Forms of validity in research (pp.59–75). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schwartz, S. S. (1988).Family correlates of impulsivity and social competence in preschool children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago.
Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.American Psychologist, 32, 752–760.
Strube, M. J., & Hartmann, D. P. (1983). Meta-analysis: techniques, applications, and functions.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 14–27.
Weinraub, M., & Wolf, B. M. (1983). Effects of stress and social supports on mother—child interactions in single and two-parent families.Child Development, 54, 1297–1311.
Wolf, F. (1986).Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Andresen, P.A., Telleen, S.L. The relationship between social support and maternal behaviors and attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Am J Commun Psychol 20, 753–774 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01312606
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01312606