Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Screening of colorectal cancer

  • Published:
Digestive Diseases and Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a cancer in a disappointing location. However, its location clearly has an advantage that could theoretically permit efficient secondary prevention: the preceding of the cancer by a benign lesion, ie, the adenoma. Complete colonoscopy and its substitute, the double-contrast barium enema, and their specific limitations, must be reserved for high-risk patients: hereditary cancers and ulcerative colitis. For all the others, ie, adults of 45 years of age and with standard risks, the proposal is either to select the patients to be colonoscoped through occult blood testing of the stools or to perform a fibersigmoidoscopy or a combination of both. Although imperfect, both methods allow the detection of polyps and cancers at a presymptomatic stage, when they are either benign or malignant, but localized and with a better prognosis. However, the absolute proof of the benefits of this strategy of screening would be the demonstration by controlled studies of a prolonged survival rate or a decrease in morbidity. Until now, this proof is not fully available.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Faivre J, Milan C, Munschi P, Boutron MC, Klepping C: Le cancer colorectal dans le département de la Côte-d'Or. Bull Cancer (Paris) 71:50–56, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Järvinen HJ, Turunen MJ: Colorectal carcinoma before 40 years of age: Prognosis and predisposing conditions. Scand J Gastroenterol 19:634–638, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Turunen MJ, Peltokallio P: Surgical results in 657 patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 26:606–612, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Day DW: The adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Scand J Gastroenterol 104:99–107, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Morson BC: The polyp story. Postgrad Med J 60:820–824, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bernstein MA, Feczko PJ, Halpert RD, Simms SM, Ackerman LV: Distribution of colonic polyps: Increased incidence of proximal lesions in older patients. Radiology 155:35–38, 1985

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Moore JRL, LaMont JT: Colorectal cancer. Risk factors and screening strategies. Arch Intern Med 144:1819–1823, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Crawford BE, Stromeyer FW: Small nonpolypoid carcinomas of the large intestine. Cancer 51:1760–1763, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Goulston KJ: Clinical accuracy in the diagnosis of small polyps using the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope. Dis Colon Rectum 25:669–672, 1982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fenoglio CM, Pascal RR: Colorectal adenomas and cancer. Pathologic relationships. Cancer 50:2601–2608, 1982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Feczko PJ, Bernstein MA, Halpert RD, Ackerman LV: Small colonic polyps: A reappraisal of their significance. Radiology 152:301–303, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Spencer RJ, Melton LJ 3d, Ready RL, Ilstrup DM: Treatment of small colorectal polyps: A population-based study of the risk of subsequent carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 59:305–310, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Minopoulos GJ, McIntyre RL, Lee EC, Kettlewell MG: Colonoscopic polypectomy in a regional teaching hospital. Br J Surg 70:51–53, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Matek W, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Demling L: Follow-up of patients with colorectal adenomas. Endoscopy 17:175–181, 1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tedesco FJ, Gottfried EB, Corless JK, Browstein RE: Prospective evaluation of hospitalized patients with nonactive lower intestinal bleeding-timing and role of barium enema and colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 30:281–283, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bülow S: The Danish polyposis register. Description of the methods of detection and evaluation of completeness. Dis Colon Rectum 27:351–355, 1984

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bussey HJR: Familial polyposis coli. Pathol Annu 14:61–81, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lynch HT, Lynch PM, Lynch JF: What is hereditary colon cancer?In Prevention of Hereditary Large Bowel Cancer, Alan R Liss, Inc. New York, 1983, pp 3–38

    Google Scholar 

  19. Love RR, Morrissey JF: Colonoscopy in asymptomatic individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer. Arch Intern Med 144:2209–2211, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bremond A, Collet P, Lambert R, Martin JL: Breast cancer and polyps of the colon. A case-control study. Cancer 1:2568–2570, 1984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sherlock P, Winawer SJ: Are there markers for the risk of colorectal cancer? N Engl J Med 12:118–119, 1984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lynch HT, Lynch PM, Lynch JF: Analysis of genetics of inherited colon cancer.In Colorectal Cancer: Prevention, Epidemiology and Screening. SJ Winawer, D Schottenfeld, P Sherlock (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1980, pp 117–131

    Google Scholar 

  23. Luk GD, Baylin SB: Ornithine decarboxylase as a biological marker in familial colonic polyposis. N Engl J Med 311:80–83, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kopelovich L, Sirlin S: Human skin fibroblasts from individuals genetically predisposed to cancer are sensitive to an SV40-induced T antigen display and transformation. Cancer 45:1108–1111, 1980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Danes BS: Increasedin vitro tetraploidy: Tissue specific within the heritable colorectal cancer syndromes with polyposis coli. Cancer 41:2330–2334, 1978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Berlinger NT, Lopez C, Lipkin M, Vogel JE, Good RA: Detective recognitive immunity in family aggregates of colon carcinoma. J Clin Invest 59:761–769, 1977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lipkin M, Reddy BS, Weisburger J, Schecter L: Nondegradation of fecal cholesterol in subjects at high risk for cancer of the large intestine. J Clin Invest 67:304–307, 1981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Pero R, Miller DG, Lipkin M: The reduced capacity for DNA repair synthesis in patients with or genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 70:867–875, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Deschner EE: Cell proliferation as a biological marker in human colorectal neoplasia.In Colorectal Cancer: Prevention, Epidemiology and Screening. SJ Winawer, P Schottenfeld, P Sherlock (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1980, pp 133–142

    Google Scholar 

  30. Friedman E, Urmacher C, Winawer S: A model for human colon carcinoma evolution based on the differential response of cultured preneoplastic, premalignant, and malignant cells to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Res 44:1568–1578, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Winawer SJ, Gottlieb LS, Stewart ET, Zauber A, Diaz B: National polyp study progress report. Gastrointest Endosc 30:147, 1984 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tanida N, Hikasa Y, Shimoyama T, Setchell KDR: Comparison of fecal bile acid profiles between patients with adenomatous polyps of the large bowel and healthy subjects in Japan. Gut 25:824–832, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lipkin M, Blattner WE, Fraumeni JF, Lynch HT, Deschner E, Winawer S: Tritiated thymidine (Op, Oh) labeling distribution as a marker for hereditary predisposition to colon cancer. Cancer Res 43:1899–1904, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hirai K, Ueda K, Hayaishi O: Aberration of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) metabolism in human colon adenomatous polyps and cancers. Cancer Res 43:3441–3446, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lennard-Jones JE, Morson BC, Ritchie JK, Williams CB: Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Experience over 15 years. Lancet 16:149–152, 1983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Hammarberg C, Slezak P, Tribukait B: Early detection of malignancy in ulcerative colitis. A flow-cytometric DNA study. Cancer 53:291–295, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Maxfield RG: Colonoscopy as a routine preoperative procedure for carcinoma of the colon. Am J Surg 147:477–480 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Langevin JM, Nivatvongs S: The true incidence of synchronous cancer of the large bowel. A prospective study. Am J Surg 147:330–333, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cunliffe WJ, Hasleton PS, Tweedle DE, Schofield PF: Incidence of synchronous and metachronous colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 71:941–943, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pagana TJ, Ledesma EJ, Mittelman A, Nava HR: The use of colonoscopy in the study of synchronous colorectal neoplasms. Cancer 15:356–359, 1984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Deveney KE, Way LW: Follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer. Am J Surg 148:717–722, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Unger SW, Wanebo HJ: Colonoscopy: An essential monitoring technique after resection of colorectal cancer. Am J Surg 145:71–76, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kronborg O, Hage E, Deichgraeber E: The remaining colon after radical surgery for colorectal cancer. The first three years of a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 26:172–176, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bussey HRJ, Wallace MH: Metachronous carcinoma of the large intestine and intestinal polyps. Proc R Soc Med 60:208–210, 1967

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kronborg O, Hage E, Adamsen S, Deichgraeber E: Follow-up after colorectal polypectomy. II. Repeated examinations of the colon every 6 months after removal of sessile adenomas and adenomas with the highest degrees of dysplasia. Scand J Gastroenterol 18:1095–1099, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kronborg O, Hage E, Adamsen S, Deichgraeber E: Follow-up after colorectal polypectomy. I. A comparison of the effectiveness of repeated examinations of the colon every 6 and 24 months after removal of stalked polyps. Scand J Gastroenterol 18:1089–1093, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Morson BC, Bussey HJR: Magnitude of risk for cancer in patients with colorectal adenomas. Br J Surg 72:23–28, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Konishi F, Morson BC: Pathology of colorectal adenomas: A colonoscopic survey. J Clin Pathol 35:830–841, 1982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fixa B, Komarkova O, Pospisilova J: Cholecystectomy and right-sided colon cancer. Neoplasma 31:223–224, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Harford FJ, Fazio VW, Epstein LM, Hewitt CB: Rectosigmoid carcinoma occurring after ureterosigmoidostomy. Dis Colon Rectum 27:321–324, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vobecky J, Devroede G, Caro J: Risk of large-bowel cancer in synthetic fiber manufacture. Cancer 54:2537–2542, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Garabrant DH, Peters JM, Mack TM, Bernstein L: Job activity and colon cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 119:1005–1014, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Leavitt J, Klein I, Kendricks F, Gavaler J, VanThiel DH: Skin tags: A cutaneous marker for colonic polyps. Ann Intern Med 98:928–930, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. De Calan L, Ozoux JP, Brizon J: Les cancers du colon. Résultats du traitement chirurgical. Présentation d'une série de 234 malades. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 7:802–807, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Welch JP, Donaldson GA: Detection and treatment of recurrent cancer of the colon and rectum. Am J Surg 135:505–511, 1978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Keddie N, Hargreaves A: Symptoms of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Lancet 2:749–750, 1968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Holliday HW, Hardcastle JD: Delay in diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 1:309–311, 1979

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Chapuis PH, Goulston KJ, Dent OF, Tait AD: Predictive value of rectal bleeding in screening for rectal and sigmoid polyps. Br Med J 290:1546–1548, 1985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Griner PF, Mayewski RJ, Mushlin AI, Greenland P: Selection and interpretation of diagnostic tests and procedures: Principles and applications. Ann Intern Med 94:553–592, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  60. Farrands PA, Hardcastle JD: Colorectal screening by a self-completion questionnaire. Gut 25:445–447, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Silman AJ, Mitchell P, Nicholls RJ, Macrae FA, Leicester RJ, Bartman CI, Simmons MJ, Campbell PD, Hearn CE, Constable PJ: Self-reported dark red bleeding as a marker comparable with occult blood testing in screening for large bowel neoplasms. Br J Surg 70:721–724, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Thoeni RF, Venbrux AC: The value of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium-enema examinations in the evaluation of patients with subacute and chronic lower intestinal bleeding. Radiology 146:603–607, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Simon JB: Occult blood screening for colorectal carcinoma: A critical review. Gastroenterology 88:820–837, 1985

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Macrae FA, St. John DJB: Relationship between patterns of bleeding and hemocult sensitivity in patients with colorectal cancers or adenomas. Gastroenterology 82:891–898, 1982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rosenberg MR: Rehydratation of hemoccult slides. Gastroenterology 83:1333–1334, 1982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sobin LH: The histopathology of bleeding from polyps and carcinomas of the large intestine. Cancer 55:577–581, 1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Herzog P, Holtermüller KH, Preiss J, Fischer J, Ewe K, Schreiber HJ, Berres M: Fecal blood loss in patients with colonic polyps: A comparison of measurements with51chromium-labeled erythrocytes and with the Hemoccult test. Gastroenterology 83:957–962, 1982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Winawer SJ, Sherlock P: Surveillance for colorectal cancer in average-risk patients, familial high-risk groups, and patients with adenomas. Cancer 50:2609–2614, 1982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wexner SD, Brabbee GW, Wichern WA: Sensitivity of hemoccult testing in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 27:775–776, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Farrands PA, Hardcastle JD: Accuracy of occult blood tests over a six-day period. Clin Oncol 9-217-225, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gnauck R: Praktische Erfahrungen mit der Stuhltestung auf okkultes Blut. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 113:528–534, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Dybdahl JH, Daae LN, Larsen S, Myren J: Occult fecal blood loss determined by a51Cr method and chemical tests in patients referred for colonoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 19:245–254, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gabrielsson N, Granqvist S, Nilsson B: Guaiac tests for detection of occult fecal blood loss in patients with endoscopically verified colonic polyps. Scand J Gastroenterol 20:978–982, 1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Morris DM, Daron PB, Goldman LI: Screening for occult blood in selected patients. The potential for false negatives. Cancer 54:2272, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Winawer SJ, Fleisher M, Sherlock P: Sensitivity of fecal occult blood testing for adenomas. Gastroenterology 83:1136–1141, 1982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lee FI: Screening for colorectal cancer in a factory-based population with Fecatest. Br J Cancer 48:843–847, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Adlercreutz H, Partanen P, Virkola P, Liewendahl K, Turunen MJ: Five guaiac-based tests for occult blood in feces comparedin vitro andin vivo. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 44:519–528, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Dybdahl JH, Haug K, Bakkevold K, Olsen KO, Vetvik K: Screening for occult fecal blood loss in a community by means of Hemoccult II slides and a tetramethylbenzidine test. Scand J Gastroenterol 19:343–349, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Graham DY, Sackman JW, Wallis CH, Melnick JL: The hemomatic analyzer: A new occult blood testing device. Am J Gastroenterol 79:117–121, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Schwartz S, Dahl J, Ellefson M, Ahlquist D: The “Hemo-Quant” test: A specific and quantitative determination of heme (hemoglobin) in feces and other materials. Clin Chem 29:2061–2067, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Heinrich HC, Kamal R, Leberecht P: Ultrasensitive latex agglutination-test for the specific immunochemical detection and quantification of fecal occult blood loss. Klin Wochenschr 61:765–767, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Elliot MS, Levenstein JH, Wright JP, Kottler RE: Early detection of colorectal cancer using fecal occult blood tests. S Afr Med J 66:219–221, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Elliot MS, Levenstein JH, Wright JP: Fecal occult blood testing in the detection of colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 71:785–786, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sontag SJ, Durczack C, Aranha GV, Chejfec G, Frederick W, Greenlee HB: Fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer in a Veterans Administration hospital. Am J Surg 145:89–94, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Cappel J, Blum U, Ungeheuer E: Screening for colorectal carcinoma. J R Soc Med 77:186–188, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Adamsen S, Kronborg O: Acceptability and compliance in screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood test. Scand J Gastroenterol 19:531–534, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kronborg O: Mass screening for colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 19:1–5, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hardcastle JD, Farrands PA, Balfour TW, Chamberlain J, Amar SS, Sheldon MG: Controlled trial of faecal occult blood testing in the detection of colorectal cancer. Lancet 2:1–4, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Cummings KM, Michalek A, Mettlin C, Mittelman A: Screening for colorectal cancer using the Hemoccult II stool guaiac slide test. Cancer 53:2201–2205, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Dent OF, Bartrop R, Goulston KJ, Chapuis PH: Participation in fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer. Soc Sci Med 17:17–23, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Jansen JH: Participation in the first and second round of a mass-screening for colorectal cancer. Soc Sci Med 18:633–636, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Farrands PA, Hardcastle JD: Factors affecting compliance with screening for colorectal cancer. Community Med 6:12–19, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Box V, Nichols S, Lallemand RC, Pearson P, Vakil PA: Hemoccult compliance rates and reasons for noncompliance. Public Health London 98:16–25, 1984

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Donald IP, FitzGerald Frazer JS, Wilkinson SP: Sigmoidoscopy/proctoscopy service with open access to general practitioners. Br Med J 290:759–761, 1985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Crespi M, Weissman GS, Gilbertsen VA, Winawer SJ, Sherlock P: The role of proctosigmoidoscopy in screening for colorectal neoplasia. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 34:158–166, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gillespie PE, Chambers TJ, Chan K, Doronzo F, Morson BC, Williams CB: Colonic adenomas. A colonoscopy survey. Gut 20:240–245, 1979

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Appel MF: Distribution of malignant polyps in the colon. Dis Colon Rectum 25:427–428, 1982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Maglinte DDT, Keller KJ, Miller RE, Chernish SM: Colon and rectal carcinoma: Spatial distribution and detection. Radiology 147:669–672, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Vobecky J, Leduc C, Devroede G: Sex differences in the changing anatomic distribution of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 54:3065–3069, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Williams AR, Balasooriya BA, Day DW: Polyps and cancer of the large bowel: A necropsy study in Liverpool. Gut 23:835–842, 1982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Dubow RA, Katon RM, Benner KG, Van Kijk CM, Koval G, Smith FW: Short (35-cm) versus long (60-cm) flexible sigmoidoscopy: A comparison of findings and tolerance in asymptomatic patients screened for colorectal neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 31:305–307, 1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Winawer SJ, Cummins R, Baldwin MP, Ptak A: A new flexible sigmoidoscope for the generalist. Gastrointest Endosc 28:233–236, 1982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Rosevelt J, Frankl H: Colorectal cancer screening by nurse practitioner using 60-cm flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope. Dig Dis Sci 29:161–163, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ndjitoyap C, Paillot B: Sensibilité et spécificité de l'Hémoccult comparé à la fibrosigmoïdoscopie dans le dépistage des polypes colorectaux. Gastroentérol Clin Biol 8:678–679, 1984

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Winawer SJ, Andrews M, Miller CH, Fleisher M: Review of screening for colorectal cancer using fecal occult blood testing.In Colorectal Cancer: Prevention, Epidemiology and Screening. SJ Winawer, D Schottenfeld, P Sherlock, (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1980, pp 249–259

    Google Scholar 

  106. Winawer SJ, Andrews M, Flehinger B, Sherlock P, Shottenfeld D, Miller D: Progress report on controlled trial of fecal occult blood testing for the detection of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer 45:2959–2964, 1980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Winawer SJ, Miller, DG, Schottenfeld D, Leidner SD, Sherlock P, Befler B, Stearns HW: Feasibility of fecal occult-blood testing for detection of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer 40:2616–2619, 1977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Winawer SJ: Detection and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer 51:2519–2524, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Gilbertsen VA, Church TR, Grewe FJ: The design of a study to assess occult-blood screening for colon cancer. J Chron Dis 33:107–114, 1980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Gilbertsen VA: The earlier detection of colorectal cancers.In Screening and Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer. DR Brodie (ed). U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, NIH Publication, 1979, pp 211–215

  111. Gilbertsen VA, McHugh RB, Schuman, LM, et al: Colon cancer control study: an interim report.In Colorectal cancer: prevention, epidemiology, and screening, Winawer SJ, Schottenfeld D, Sherlock P (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1980, pp 261–266

    Google Scholar 

  112. Nivatvongs S, Gilbertsen VA, Goldberg SM, Williams SE: Distribution of large-bowel cancers detected by occult blood test in asymptomatic patients. Dis Colon Rectum 25:420–421, 1982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Neuhauser D: Cost effectiveness of screening for occult blood in the stool: Another look. N Engl J Med 303:1306–1307, 1980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Allison JE, Feldman R: Cost benefits of Hemoccult screening for colorectal carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 30:860–865, 1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Kolata G: Debate over colon cancer screening. Some researchers question whether tests for the early detection of colon cancer should be used for screening. Science 229:636–637, 1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Eddy DM: Computer models and the evaluation of colon cancer screening programs.In Progress in Cancer Research and Therapy: Colorectal Cancer: Prevention, Epidemiology, and Screening, D Schottenfeld, SJ Winawer, P Sherlock (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1980, pp 285–198

    Google Scholar 

  117. Bernier JJ: Points de vue et hypothèses. Bases rationnelles du dépisrage du cancer colorectal. In: Gastroentérologie, Vol 2. JJ Bernier (ed). Paris, Flammarion Médecine Sciences, 1984, pp 1087–1093

    Google Scholar 

  118. Winchester DP, Sylvester J, Maher ML: Risks and benefits of mass screening for colorectal neoplasia with the stool guaiac test. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 33:333–343, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Stroehlein JR, Goulston K, Hunt RH: Diagnostic approach to evaluating the cause of a positive fecal occult blood test. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 34:148–157, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Winawer SJ: Introduction to position papers from the third international symposium on colorectal cancer. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 34:130–133, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Winawer SJ: Detection and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer 51:2519–2524, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Moore JR, LaMont JT: Colorectal cancer. Risk factors and screening strategies. Arch Intern Med 144:1819–1823, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ribet A: Currently recommended use of the Hemoccult for the detection of rectocolic tumors. Sem Hop Paris 58:1877–1879, 1982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Gnauck R, Macrae FA, Fleisher M: How to perform the fecal occult blood test. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 34:134–147, 1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Bader JP: Où en est la prévention des cancers rectocoliques? Presse Med 12:735–737, 1983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hoffman A, Young Q, Bright-Asare P, Abcarian H, Fitzpatrick J, Lidow E, Farber M, Summerville J, Petani C, Orsay C, Zai D, Shansky R: Early detection of bowel cancer at an urban public hospital: Demonstration project. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 33:344–358, 1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Dubois G, Bregevin B, Bertoin J, Meriaux J, Tissot J: La recherche de sang dans les selles par l' “Hemoccult II” dans l'examen de santé. Médecine Digestive et Nutritión (Supplement of Quot. Med) 47:20–23, 1985

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. C.H.U. Henri Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal De Lattre de Tassigny, F. 94010, Creteil, France

    Jean-Pierre Bader

Authors
  1. Jean-Pierre Bader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bader, JP. Screening of colorectal cancer. Digest Dis Sci 31 (Suppl 9), 43–56 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295989

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295989

Keywords

Search

Navigation