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Shpol'skii spectrometry, a distinct method in environmental analysis

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Abstract

Whereas common fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of organic molecules in solutions show little details, Shpol'skii spectra exhibit completely resolved vibronic transitions, enabling the analytical distinction between isomeric compounds. In a simplified qualification, the Shpol'skii technique combines the sensitivity inherent to luminescence spectroscopy with the selectivity of infrared spectra. There are however two main limitations as far as its applicability is concerned: (i) cryogenic temperature conditions are required and (ii) the analytes should be compatible with the solvent matrix, typically an-alkane.

The present paper is focused on the potential and achievements of Shpol'skii spectrometry in environmental analysis. After a discussion of the fundamental aspects of spectral line-broadenings and the approaches to accomplish high-resolution, special attention is paid to experimental and instrumental aspects. Recent instrumental developments have made Shpol'skii spectroscopy not only attractive for qualitative but also for quantitative purposes.

The main part of the review is devoted to recent applications, for instance the determination of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex environmental samples as crude oils, sediments, soils and biota. The special features of large PAHs, i.e. PAHs with seven or more hexagonal aromatic rings are considered separately. The analysis of PAH-metabolites in samples like fish bile and human urine is extensively discussed. Subsequently the applicability of Shpol'skii spectroscopy to both in-ring and atring substituted polycyclic aromatics is concerned, including amino- and nitro-substituted PAHs and nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulphur-heterocyclic compounds. The review ends with an interesting new development i.e. the Shpol'skii spectra of fullerenes, the soccerball and rugbyball shaped molecules C60 and C70, compounds receiving wide attention in physics and chemistry.

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  1. Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Cees Gooijer, Iqor Kozin & Nel H. Velthorst

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Gooijer, C., Kozin, I. & Velthorst, N.H. Shpol'skii spectrometry, a distinct method in environmental analysis. Mikrochim Acta 127, 149–182 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01242719

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