Skip to main content
Log in

Direct potentiometric water hardness determination using ion-selective electrodes

Direkte potentiometrische Bestimmung der Wasserhärte mit ionen-selektiven Elektroden

  • Published:
Microchimica Acta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The use of ion-selective electrodes for direct potentiometric water hardness determinations is restricted to relatively soft waters if they are to be competitive with other techniques in terms of uncertainty on the water hardness scale. The selectivity factorK PotMgCa must be within 1.1% of unity if a hardness of 10 degrees on the German scale is to be measured to within 0.1 degrees in the composition rangec Mg:c Ca=0.25 to 25. The expressionK PotMgNa ·a 2Na / (a Mg+a Ca) must be less than 0.001 if freedom from sodium interference is to be achieved. Under these conditions a 1% relative standard deviation can be obtained for an uncertainty of the EMF⩽100μV.

Zusammenfassung

Die direkte potentiometrische Bestimmung der Wasserhärte mit ionenselektiven Elektroden kann nur für relativ weiches Wasser verwendet werden, sofern sie mit anderen Methoden konkurrenzfähig sein soll. Der SelektivitätsfaktorK PotMgCa sollte nicht mehr als 1,1% von 1 abweichen, um eine Messung von 10 deutschen Härtegraden auf 0,1 Grad genau zu ermöglichen, wenn gleichzeitig das Mischungsverhältnisc Mg:c Ca im Bereich 0,25 bis 25 schwankt. Der AusdruckK PotMgNa ·a 2Na /(a Mg +a Ca) sollte 0,001 nicht überschreiten, wenn eine Störung durch Natrium vermieden werden soll. Unter den obigen Bedingungen läßt sich eine Wasserhärte auf 1% genau bestimmen, wenn die Unsicherheit der gemessenen EMK⩽100μV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. W. Ross, Jr., in: Ion-Selective Electrodes (R. A. Durst, Ed.), NBS Special Publication,314, 1969.

  2. Divalent Cation Electrode, Model 93-32, Instruction Manual, Orion Research, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. (1975).

  3. R. G. Bates and M. Alfenaar, in: Ion-Selective Electrodes (R. A. Durst, Ed.), NBS Special Publication,314, 1969.

  4. M. S. Mohan and R. G. Bates, Clin. Chemistry21, 864 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  5. P. C. Meier, D. Ammann, W. E. Morf, and W. Simon, in: Medical and Biological Applications of Electrochemical Devices (J. Korytá, Ed.), Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto: Wiley. 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. J. Hamer and Y.-Ch. Wu, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data1, 1047 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. N. Goldberg and R. L. Nuttall, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data7, 263 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  8. W. Stumm and E. Stumm-Zollinger, Chimia22, 325 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. K. A. G. Hassan, G. J. Moody, and J. D. R. Thomas, Analyst105, 147 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  10. D. Erne, W. E. Morf, S. Arvanitis, Z. Cimerman, D. Ammann, and W. Simon, Helv. Chim. Acta62, 994 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  11. H. F. Osswald, R. E. Dohner, T. Meier, P. C. Meier, and W. Simon, Chimia31, 50 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Metrohm Information10, 3 (1980).

  13. D. G. Rands and E. Stoica, J. Am. Water68, 309 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  14. I. Sekerka and J. F. Lechner, Talanta22, 459 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  15. D. Midgley and K. Torrance, Potentiometric Water Analysis, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto: Wiley. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  16. M. Whitfield and J. V. Leyendekkers, Analyt. Chim. Acta45, 383 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  17. M. Whitfield, J. V. Leyendekkers, and J. D. Kerr, Analyt. Chim. Acta45, 399 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  18. T. P. Hadjiioannou and D. S. Papastathopoulos, Talanta17, 399 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Meier, P.C., Erne, D., Cimerman, Z. et al. Direct potentiometric water hardness determination using ion-selective electrodes. Mikrochim Acta 73, 317–327 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01196318

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01196318

Keywords

Navigation