Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of foliar nitrogen, terpenes, and phenolics of Douglas-fir on the development of gypsy moth larvae. In the first experiment, foliar concentrations of nitrogen and allelochemicals were manipulated by fertilizing 3-year-old potted seedlings with 0 or 200 ppm nitrogen. Concentrations of foliar nitrogen (0.33–2.38%) were negatively correlated with the phenolics (15.8–24.4 mg/g). Sixth-instar larvae previously reared on current-year Douglas-fir needles were allowed to feed on these seedlings. Pupal weights (312.8–995.6 mg) were positively correlated with levels of foliar nitrogen, negatively correlated with amounts of foliar phenolics, and uncorrelated with terpene concentrations. In the second experiment, terpene and phenolic extracts from Douglas-fir foliage were incorporated at natural levels into artificial diets with high and low levels of protein nitrogen. Neonate larvae grew faster and were larger on the high nitrogen control diet (4.1–4.5%), however, fourth instars performed better on the control diet with low nitrogen levels (2.5–2.7%). Foliar terpenes incorporated into diet had little effect on neonate fitness, but may induce subtle physiological changes in later instar larvae. Phenolics, alone or in combination with terpenes, excessively suppressed growth and survival, with no individuals living through the fourth instar, regardless of the nitrogen level. Incorporating foliar phenolic extracts into artificial diet caused unnatural levels of toxicity and failed to clarify the effects of Douglas-fir phenolics on gypsy moth fitness. Foliar nitrogen is a key factor influencing gypsy moth development on Douglas fir, but may be mitigated to some degree by phenolics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anonymous. 1975. Technicon Autoanalyzer II Methodology. Individual Simultaneous Determi-nation of Nitrogen & Phosphorus in BD Acid Digests. Industrial Method No. 334-74A. Technicon Corporation, New York.
Appel, H.M., andMartin, M.M. 1990. Gut redox conditions in herbivorous lepidopteran larvae.J. Chem. Ecol. 16:3277–3290.
Barbosa, P. 1978. Distribution of an endemic larval gypsy moth population among various tree species.Environ. Entomol. 7:526–527.
Barbosa, P., Waldvogel, M., Martinat, P., andDouglass, L.W. 1983. Developmental and reproductive performance of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantri-idae), on selected hosts common to mid-Atlantic and southern forests.Environ. Entomol. 12:1858–1862.
Barbosa, P., Martinat, P., andWaldvogel, M. 1986. Development, fecundity and survival of the herbivoreLymantria dispar and the number of plant species in its diet.Ecol. Entomol. 11:1–6.
Bell, R.A., Owens, C.D., Shapiro, M., andTardif, J.R. 1981. Development of massrearing technology, pp. 599–633,in C.C. Doane and M.L. McManus (eds.). The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward Integrated Pest Management. Science Education Agency Technical Bulletin 1584. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
Berenbaum, M. 1986. Postingestive effects of phytochemicals on insects: On paracelsus and plant products, pp. 121–153,inJ.R. Miller and T.A. Miller (eds.). Insect-Plant Interactions. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Bernays, E.A., Cooper Driver, G., andBilgener, M. 1989. Herbivores and plant tannins.Adv. Ecol. Res. 19:263–302.
Brattsten, L.B. 1986. Fate of ingested plant allelochemicals in herbivorous insects, pp. 211–255,in L.B. Brattsten and S. Ahmad (eds.). Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations. Plenum Press, New York.
Cork, S.J., andKrockenberger, A.K. 1991. Methods and pitfalls of extracting condensed tannins and other phenolics from plants: Insights from investigations onEucalyptus leaves.J. Chem. Ecol. 17:123–134.
Czerwinski, C., andIsman, M.B. 1986. Urban pest management: Decision-making and social conflict in the control of gypsy moth in west-coast cities.Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 22:36–41.
Daterman, G.E., Miller, J.C., andHanson, P.E. 1986. Potential for gypsy moth problems in southwest Oregon, pp. 37–40,in O.T. Helgerson (ed.). Forest Pest Management in Southwest Oregon. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Devore, J., andPeck, R. 1986. Statistics, the Explanation and Analysis of Data. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota.
Elkinton, J.S., andLiebhold, A.M. 1990. Population dynamics of gypsy moth in North America.Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35:571–596.
Felton, G.W., andDuffey, S.S. 1991. Reassessment of the role of gut alkalinity and detergency in insect herbivory.J. Chem. Ecol. 17:1821–1836.
Felton, G.W., Donato, K.K., Broadway, R.M., andDuffey, S.S. 1992. Impact of oxidized plant phenolics on the nutritional quality of dietary protein to a noctuid herbivore,Spodoptera exigua.J. Insect Physiol. 38:277–285.
Franklin, J.F., andDyrness, C.T. 1988. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
Hagerman, A.E. 1988. Extraction of tannin from fresh and preserved leaves.J. Chem. Ecol. 14:453–461.
Harwood, S.H., Moldenke, A.F., andBerry, R.E. 1990. Toxicity of peppermint monoterpenes to the variegated cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).J. Econ. Entomol. 83:1761–1767.
Hough, J.A., andPimentel, D. 1978. Influence of host foliage on development, survival, and fecundity of the gypsy moth.Environ. Entomol. 7:97–102.
Houston, D.R. 1981. Forest stand relationships, pp.267–293,in C.C. Doane and M.L. McManus (eds.). The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward Integrated Pest Management. Science Education Agency Technical Bulletin 1584. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
Johnson, D.W., andEdwards, N.T. 1979. The effects of stem girdling on biogeochemical cycles within a mixed deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee. II. Soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates.Oecologia (Berlin) 40:259–271.
Johnson, G.M., Stout, P.R., Broyer, T.C., andCarlton, A.B. 1957. Comparative chlorine requirements for different plant species.Plant Soil 8:337–353.
Joseph, G. 1989. Host suitability studies of Douglasfir and white alder to the gypsy moth. Masters thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Joseph, G., Miller, J.C., Berry, R.E., Wernz, J., Moldenke, A.F., andKelsey, R.G. 1991. White alder and Douglas-fir foliage quality and interegg-mass influences on larval development of gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar.J. Chem. Ecol. 17:1783–1799.
Julkunen-Tiitto, R. 1985. Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern willows: Methods for the analysis of certain phenolics.J. Agric. Food Chem. 33:213–217.
Karowe, D.N., andMartin, M.M. 1989. The effects of quantity and quality of diet nitrogen on the growth, efficiency of food utilization, nitrogen budget, and metabolic rate of fifthinstarSpodoptera eridania larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).J. Insect Physiol. 35:699–708.
Keating, S.T., Hunter, M.D., andSchultz, J.C. 1990a. Leaf phenolic inhibition of gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Role of polyhedral inclusion body aggregation.J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1445–1457.
Keating, S.T., Schultz, J.C., andYendol, W.G. 1990b. The effect of diet on gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larval midgut pH and its relationship with larval susceptibility to a baculovirus.J. Invert. Pathol. 56:317–326.
Lechowicz, M.J., andMauffette, Y. 1986. Host preferences of the gypsy moth in eastern North America versus European forests.Rev. Entomol. Que. 31:43–51.
Lewis, A.C., andvan Emden, H.F. 1986. Assays for insect feeding, pp. 95–119,in J.R. Miller and T.A. Miller (eds.)., Insect-Plant Interactions. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Lindroth, R.L., andHemming, J.D.C. 1990. Responses of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lyman-triidae) to tremulacin, an aspen phenolic glycoside.Environ. Entomol. 19:842–847.
Lindroth, R.L., Anson, B.D., andWeisbrod, A.V. 1990. Effects of protein and juglone on gypsy moths: Growth performance and detoxification enzyme activity.J. Chem. Ecol. 8:2533–2547.
Lindroth, R.L., Barman, M.A., andWeisbrod, A.V. 1991. Nutrient deficiencies and the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar: Effects on larval performance and detoxication enzyme activities.J. Insect Physiol. 37:45–52.
Maarse, H., andKepner, R.E. 1970. Changes in composition of volatile terpenes in Douglas fir needles during maturation.J. Agric. Food Chem. 18:1095–1101.
Manuwoto, S., Scriber, J.M., Hsia, M.T., andSunarjo, P. 1985. Antibiosis/antixenosis in tulip tree and quaking aspen leaves against the polyphagous southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania.Oecologia (Berlin) 67:1–7.
Mattson, W.J., Jr. 1980. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11:119–161.
Mattson, W.J., andScriber, J.M. 1987. Nutritional ecology of insect folivores of woody plants: Nitrogen, water, fiber, and mineral considerations, pp. 105–146,in F. Slansky, Jr., and J.G. Rodriguez (eds.). Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, Spiders, and Related Invertebrates. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
McManus, M.,Schneeberger, N.,Reardon, R., andMason, G. 1989. Gypsy moth. Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 162. USDA, Forest Service.
Miller, J.C., andHanson, P.E. 1989a. Laboratory feeding tests on the development of gypsy moth larvae with reference to plant taxa and allelochemicals. Oregon State University Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 674. Corvallis, Oregon.
Miller, J.C., andHanson, P.E. 1989b. Laboratory studies on development of gypsy moth,Lyman-tria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), larvae on foliage of gymnosperms.Can. Entomol. 121:425–429.
Miller, J.C., Hanson, P.E., andKimberling, D.N. 1991a. Development of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on garry oak and red alder in western North America.Environ. Entomol. 20:1097–1101.
Miller, J.C., Hanson, P.E., andKimberling, D.N. 1991b. Development of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on Douglas-fir foliage.J. Econ. Entomol. 84:461–465.
Moldenke, A.F., Berry, R.E., Miller, J.C., Kelsey, R.G., Wernz, J.G., andVenkateswaran, S. 1992. Carbaryl susceptibility and detoxication enzymes in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lyman-triidae): Influence of host plant.J. Econ. Entomol. 85:1628–1635.
Montgomery, M.E. 1982. Life-cycle nitrogen budget for the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar, reared on artificial diet.J. Insect Physiol. 28:437–442.
Mosher, F.H. 1915. Food plants of the gipsy moth in America. USDA Bulletin 250.
Ohmart, C.P., Stewart, L.G., andThomas, J.R. 1985. Effects of food quality, particularly nitrogen concentrations, ofEucalyptus blakelyi foliage on the growth ofParopsis atomaria larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).Oecologia (Berlin) 65:543–549.
Oregon State University Extension Service. 1986. The gypsy moth in Oregon: Potential effects and management options. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Radwan, M.A. 1975. Genotype and season influence chlorogenic acid content in Douglas-fir foliage.Can. J. For. Res. 5:281–284.
Reese, J.C., andBeck, S.D. 1978. Interrelationships of nutritional indices and dietary moisture in the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) digestive efficiency.J. Insect Physiol. 24:473–479.
Rossiter, M.C. 1987. Use of a secondary host by non-outbreak populations of the gypsy moth.Ecology 68:857–868.
Rossiter, M.C., Schultz, J.C., andBaldwin, I.T. 1988. Relationships among defoliation, red oak phenolics, and gypsy moth growth and reproduction.Ecology 69:267–277.
Schroeder, L.A. 1986. Protein limitation of a tree leaf feeding lepidopteran.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 41:115–120.
Schultz, J.C. 1989. Tannin-insect interactions, pp. 417–433,in R.W. Hemingway and J.J. Karchesy (eds.). Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins. Plenum Press, New York.
Scriber, J.M. 1977. Limiting effects of low leaf-water content on the nitrogen utilization, energy budget, and larval growth ofHyalophora cecropia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).Oecologia (Berlin) 28:269–287.
ScRiber, J.M., andSlansky, F., Jr. 1981. The nutritional ecology of immature insects.Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26:183–211.
Smith, R.B., Waring, R.H., andPerry, D.A. 1981. Interpreting foliar analyses from Douglas-fir as weight per unit of leaf area.Can. J. For. Res. 11:593–598.
Stafford, H.A., andLester, H.H. 1981. Proanthocyanidins and potential precursors in needles of Douglas-fir and in cell suspension cultures derived from seedling shoot tissues.Plant Physiol. 68:1035–1040.
Tabashnik, B.E. 1982. Responses of pest and non-pestColias butterfly larvae to intraspecific variation in leaf nitrogen and water content.Oecologia (Berlin) 55:389–394.
Waldbauer, G.P. 1968. The consumption and utilization of food by insects.Adv. Insect Physiol. 5:229–288.
Yu, S.J. 1986. Consequences of induction of foreign compound-metabolizing enzymes in insects, pp. 153–174,in L.B. Brattsten and S. Ahmad (eds.). Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations. Plenum Press, New York.
Yu, S.J. 1987. Microsomal oxidation of allelochemicals in generalist (Spodoptera frugiperda) and semispecialist (Anticarsia gemmatalis) insect.J. Chem. Ecol. 13:423–436.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Joseph, G., Kelsey, R.G., Moldenke, A.F. et al. Effects of nitrogen and Douglas-fir allelochemicals on development of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar . J Chem Ecol 19, 1245–1263 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987384
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987384