References
Abbey, A., Abramis, D. J., & Caplan, R. D. (1985). Effects of different sources of social support and social conflict on emotional well-being.Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 6, 111–129.
Barrera, M., Sandler, I., & Ramsey, T. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students.American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435–447.
Brickman, E., Davis, R., Baker, T., & Simko, P. (1990). Social support for crime victims: A two-dimensional construct (unpublished manuscript).
Burge, S. (1983). Rape: Individual and family reactions. In C. R. Figley & H. I. McCubbin (Eds.),Stress and the family: Vol. II: Coping with catastrophe. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Coates, D., Wortman, C, & Abbey, A. (1979). Reactions to victims. In I. Frieze, D. Bar-Tal, & J. Carroll (Eds.),New approaches to social problems (pp. 21–52). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Derogatis, L. R. (1977).SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
Dunkel-Schetter, C. (1984). Social support and cancer: Findings based on patient interviews and their implications.Journal of Social Issues, 40, 77–98.
Finch, J. F., Okun, M. A., Barrera, M., Zautra, A. J., & Reich, J. W. (1989). Positive and negative social ties among older adults: Measurement models and prediction of psychological distress and well-being.American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 585–605.
Fiore, J., Becker, J., & Coppel, D. B. (1983). Social network interactions: A buffer or a stress?American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 423–439.
Hall, A., & Wellman, B. (1985). Social networks and social support. In S. Cohen & S. Syme (Eds.),Social support and health (pp. 23–42). New York: Academic Press.
Henderson, S., Duncan-Jones, P., McAuley, H., & Ritchie, K. (1978). The patient's primary group.British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 74–86.
Holmstrom, L., & Burgess, A. (1979). Rape: The husband's and boyfriend's initial reactions.The Family Coordinator, July, 321–326.
Homans, G. (1974).Social behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Veronen, L. J., & Resick, P. A., (1981). Effects of the rape experience.Journal of Social Issues, 37, 105–122.
Manne, S., & Zautra, A. (1989). Spouse criticism and support: Their association with coping and psychological adjustment among women with rheumatoid arthritis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 608–617.
McCahill, T., Meyer, L., & Fischman, A. (1979).The aftermath of rape. Lexington, MA: Heath.
Pagel, M., Erdly, W., & Becker, J. (1987). Social networks: We get by with (and in spite of) a little help from our friends.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 793–804.
Popiel, D. A., & Susskind, E. C. (1985). The impact of rape: Social support as a moderator of stress.American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 645–676.
Poritt, D. (1979). Social support in crisis: Quantity or quality?Social Science and Medicine, 13a, 715–721.
Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097–1108.
Rook, K., & Pietromonaco, P. (1987). Close relationships: Ties that heal or ties that bind? In W. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.),Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 1–35). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Ruch, L. O., & Chandler S. (1983). Sexual assault trauma during the acute phase: An exploratory model and multivariate analysis.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 174–185.
Sandler, I. N., & Barrera, M, Jr. (1984). Toward a multimethod approach to assessing the effects of social support.American Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 37–52.
Shore, B. (1980).An examination of critical process and outcome variables in rape. Rockville, MD.
Silverman, D. (1978). Sharing the crisis of rape: Counseling the mates and families of victims.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 166–173.
Stone, K. (1980).The second victims: Altruism and the affective reactions of affiliated males to their partners' rape. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
Thibaut, J., & Kelley, H. (1959).The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley.
West, D. G., Frank, E., Anderson, B., & Stewart, B. D. (1984).Social support and post-rape symptomatology. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (unpublished manuscript).
White, P. N., & Rollins, J. C. (1981). Rape: A family crisis.Family Relations, 30, 103–109.
Wortman, C., & Lehman, D. (1985). Reactions to victims of life crisis: Support attempts that fail. In I. Sarason & B. Sarason (Eds.),Social support: Theory, research, and application (pp. 463–489). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This article was prepared under Grant No. RO1 MH 40352 from the National Institute of Mental Health. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Carol S. Cohen, Jennifer K. Cowal, Cynthia J. Gordon, and Eva M. Pomerantz for their role in the data collection.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Davis, R.C., Brickman, E. & Baker, T. Supportive and unsupportive responses of others to rape victims: Effects on concurrent victim adjustment. Am J Commun Psychol 19, 443–451 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00938035
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00938035