Summary
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1.
Five-membered cyclic active complexes were proposed for a number of organic reactions. Here one of the centers in the cycle donates two electrons. This can be either a negative ion of the type of OH− and−OC2H5, or an atom with an unshared pair of electrons.
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2.
Seven-membered cyclic active complexes were proposed. The role played by one center reduces to the fact that it represents a free orbit. This can be a catalyst of the BF3 type.
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3.
In all of the discussed cases 6 electrons move in the field of the cycle.
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Syrkin, Y.K. Five- and seven-membered cyclic active complexes in organic chemistry. Russ Chem Bull 8, 365–376 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917689
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917689