References
Baldwin, A. Changing work stress: Use of nurse-to-nurse consultation.Nursing Administration Quarterly, 1981,5, 42–47.
Barrera, M. Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issues. In B. Gottlieb (Ed.),Social networks and social support. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981.
Beckhard, R.Organization development: Strategies and models. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969.
Brennan, G.Work/life segmentation and human service professions: A social network approach. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 1977.
Cherniss, C. Social support networks. In K. Reid (Ed.),Burnout in the helping professions. Kalamazoo: Western Michigan University Press, 1980.
Dooley, S., & Hauben, J. From staff nurse to head nurse: A trying transition.Journal of Nursing Administration, 1979,9, 4–8.
Erikson, E.Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York: Norton, 1963.
Gottlieb, B., & Todd, D. Characterizing and promoting social support in natural settings. In R. Munoz, L. Snowden, & J. Kelly (Eds.),Social and psychological research in community settings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
Hallas, G. Why nurses are giving it up.RN, 1980,4, 17–21.
Hirsch, B. Psychological dimensions of social networks: A multimethod analysis.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1979,7, 263–277.
Hirsch, B. Natural support systems and coping with major life changes.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1980,8, 159–172.
Hirsch, B., & Jolly, E. A. Role transitions and social networks: Social support for multiple roles. In V. L. Allen & E. van de Vliert (Eds.),Role transitions. New York: Plenum Press, 1983.
House, J.Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981.
Howard, J., Rechnitzer, P., & Cunningham, D. Coping with job tension—effective and ineffective methods.Public Personnel Management, 1975,4, 317–325.
Kanter, R. M.Work and family in the United States: A critical review and agenda for research and policy. New York: Russell Sage, 1977.
Kapferer, B. Norms and the manipulation of relationships in a work context. In J. C. Mitchell (Ed.),Social networks in urban situations. New York: Humanities Press, 1969.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R.The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.), New York: Wiley, 1978.
Kelly, J. Tain't what you do, it's the way that you do it.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1979,7, 244–58.
Kramer, M.Reality shock: Why nurses leave nursing. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1974.
Lanigan, J., & Miller, J. Developing nurse managers.Nursing Administration Quarterly, 1981,5, 21–24.
LaViolette, S. What does it take to stem turnover, flight from the field?Modern Health Care, 1980,10, 31–32.
Levinson, D., with Darrow, C., Klein, E., Levinson, M., McKee, M.,The seasons of a man's life. New York: Random House, 1978.
Liem, R., & Liem, J. Social class and mental illness reconsidered: The role of economic stress and social support.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1978,19, 139–156.
Lysaught, J.Action in affirmation: Toward an unambiguous profession of nursing. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.
Mayer, A. The significance of quasi-groups in the study of complex societies. In M. Banton (Ed.),The social anthropology of complex societies, A.S.A. Monographs 4. London: Tavistock, 1966.
McNair, D., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L.Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1971.
Mitchell, R., & Trickett, E. Social networks as mediators of social support: An analysis of the effects and determinants of social networks.Community Mental Health Journal, 1980,15, 27–44.
Moos, R.Work Environment Scale Manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1982.
Mullins, A. C., & Barstow, R. E. Care for the caretakers.American Journal of Nursing, 1979,79, 1425–1427.
Pines, A., Aronson, E., & Kafry, D.Burnout: From tedium to personal growth. New York: Free Press, 1981.
Rappaport, J.Community psychology: Values, research and action. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1977.
Salaman, G.Community and occupation: An exploration of work/leisure relationships. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
Sarason, S., & Lorentz, E.The challenge of the resource exchange network. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
Schein, E.Process consultation: Its role in organization development. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969.
Schein, E.Career dynamics: Matching individual and organizational needs. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
Scully, R. Staff support groups: Helping nurses to help themselves.Journal of Nursing Administration, 1981,11, 48–51.
Seybolt, J., & Walker, D. Attitude survey proves to be a powerful tool for reversing turnover.Hospitals, 1980,54, 77–80.
Tichy, N. A social network perspective to organization development. In T. Cummings (Ed.),Systems theory for organization development. New York: Wiley, 1980.
Wandelt, A., Pierce, P., & Widdowson, R. Why nurses leave nursing and what can be done about it.American Journal of Nursing, 1981,77, 72–77.
Wheeldon, P. The operation of voluntary associations and personal networks in the political processes of an interethnic community. In J. C. Mitchell (Ed.),Social networks in urban situations. New York: Humanities Press, 1969.
White, C. H. Where have all the nurses gone—and why?Hospitals, 1980,54, 68–71.
Wilcox, B. Social support in adjusting to marital disruption: A network analysis. In B. Gottlieb (Ed.),Social networks and social support. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981. (a)
Wilcox, B. Social support, life stress, and psychological adjustment: A test of the buffering hypothesis.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1981,9, 371–386. (b)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported by individual NIMH (1F32MH07787-02) and NIA (5F32AG05153-02) National Research Service Postdoctoral Fellowships to each author respectively, held at the Stanford University Social Ecology Laboratory. Additional funding was provided via MH16744 and MH28177. An earlier version of this paper was presented as part of the symposium, Social Support Systems, Quality of Life, and Primary Prevention (J. C. Glidewell, Chair), at the 89th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, 1981. We are grateful to Julian Rappaport and Edward Seidman for helpful comments on an earlier draft and to Ann Baldwin for her help throughout this project.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hirsch, B.J., David, T.G. Social networks and work/nonwork life: Action-research with nurse managers. Am J Commun Psychol 11, 493–507 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896801
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896801