Summary
The effect of long term rock deformation on lining pressure is considered using different concepts of rock behaviour. These include the conventional characteristic-line or convergence-confinement method, modified to allow for rock ageing, and lining-rock interaction methods using models of linear-viscoelastic, linear-elastic linear viscous, and linear elastic non-linear viscous rock behaviour. Calculations of lining pressures show that the former tends to underestimate, compared with the latter.
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Ladanyi, B., Gill, D.E. Design of tunnel linings in a creeping rock. International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering 6, 113–126 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00880802
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00880802