Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Control of coronary blood flow by autacoids

  • Invited Contributions to the Symposium “Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow”, Held at the XV. World Congress of the International Society for Heart Research in Prague
  • Published:
Basic Research in Cardiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coronary flow and thus myocardial perfusion is regulated by myogenic, metabolic, humoral and neuro-hormonal factors which closely interact with local autacoids released from the endothelial lining of the coronary bed. In a number of disease states an impaired synthesis and release of autacoids decisively limit the overall capacity of coronary regulation and adaptation of myocardial perfusion to increased metabolic demands. The important factors for these control mechanisms are analyzed and reviewed in this article.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Harrison DG (1993) Neurohumoral and pharmacologic regulation of collateral perfusion. In: Schaper W, Schaper J (eds) collateral circulation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp 329–341

    Google Scholar 

  2. Harrison DG, Venema RC, Arnal J-F, Inoue N, Ohara Y, Sayegh H, Murphy TJ (1995) The endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase: Is it really constitutively expressed? In: Schrör KPace-Asciak CR (eds) Mediators in the Cardiovascular System: Regional Ischemia. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 107–117

    Google Scholar 

  3. Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlager H, Just H (1991) Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with impaired coronary blood flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation 84: 1984–1992

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hilton R, Eichholtz F (1925) The influence of chemical factors on the coronary circulation. J Physiol (Lond) 59: 413–425

    Google Scholar 

  5. Berne RM, Blackmon JR, Gardner TH (1957) Hypoxemia and coronary blood flow. J Clin Invest 1101–1106

  6. Gewirtz H, Weeks G, Nathanson M, Sharaf B, Fedele F, Most AS (1989) Tissue acidosis — role in sustained arteriolar dilatation distal to a coronary stenosis. Circulation 79:890–898

    Google Scholar 

  7. Siegel G, Schneider W (1981) Anions, cations, membrane potential, and relaxation. In: Vanhoutte PM Leusen I (eds) Vasodilatation, Raven Press, New York, pp 285–305

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dzau VJ (1988) Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation 77:14–113

    Google Scholar 

  9. Stephenson JA, Gibson RE, Summers RJ (1988) An autoradiogaphic study of muscarinic cholinoceptors in blood vessels: no localization on vascular endothelium. Eur J Pharmacol 153:271–283

    Google Scholar 

  10. Myers PR, Banitt PF, Guerra R, Harrison DG (1989) Characteristics of canine coronary resistance arteries —-importance of endothelium. Am J Physiol 257: H603–H610

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chu A, Morris KG, Kuchl WD, Cusma J, Navetta F, Cobb FR (1989) Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on the coronary arterial vasculature in humans. Circulation 80:1627–1635

    Google Scholar 

  12. Brum JM, Sufan Q, Dewey J, Bove AA (1985) Effects of angiotensin and ergonovine on large and small coronary arteries in the intact dog. Basis Res Cardiol 80:333–342

    Google Scholar 

  13. Van Gilst WH, Tio RA, Degraeff PA, Van Wijngaarden J, Scholtens E, Delangen CDJ, Wesseling H (1989) Antiischämische Wirkungen von Conversions-Enzym-Hemmern. Münch Med Wschr 131:S27-S30

    Google Scholar 

  14. Holtz J, Busse R, Sommer O, Bassenge E (1987) Dilation of epicardial arteries in conscious dogs induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with enalaprilat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 9:348–355

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ertl G (1987) Coronary vasoconstriction in experimental myocardial ischemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 9:S9-S17

    Google Scholar 

  16. Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM, Steinberg C, Finn P (1985) Survival after an experimental myocardial infarction: beneficial effects of long-term therapy with captopril. Circulation 72:406–412

    Google Scholar 

  17. Daniell HB, Carson RR, Ballard KD, Thomas GR, Privitera PJ (1984) Effects of captopril on limiting infarct size in conscious dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6:1043–1047

    Google Scholar 

  18. Gibbs JSR, Crean PA, Mockus L, Wright C, Sutton GC, Fox KM (1989) The variable effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on myocardial ischaemia in chronic stable angina. Br Heart J 62:112–117

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rousseau MF, Close P, Pouleur H (1989) Are the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors poor anti-ischemic drugs? Circulation 80:II-52

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pfeffer MA (1992) Effect of captopril on mortality and — morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after —myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular — enlargement trial. N Engl J Med 327:669–677

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bassenge E (1994) Coronary vasomotor responses: Role of endothelium and nitrovasodilators. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 8:601–610

    Google Scholar 

  22. Clozel JP, Veniant M, Hess P, Sprecher U (1991) Effects of two angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and hydralazine on coronary circulation in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 18: II-8–II-14

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zanzinger J, Zheng X, Bassenge E (1994) Endothelium-dependent vasomotor responses to endogenous agonists are potentiated following ACE-inhibition by a bradykinin-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Res 28:209–214

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bassenge E, Werle E, Walter P, Holtz J (1970) Singificance of kinins in the coronary circulation. Adv Exp Med Biol 8:141–148

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pitt B, Mason J, Conti DR, Colman RW (1969) Activation of the plasma kallikrein system during myocardial ischemia. Pharmacol Res Comm 1: 185–186

    Google Scholar 

  26. Carbonell LF, Carretero OA, Stewart JM, Scicli AG (1988) Effect of a kinin antagonist on the acute antihypertensive activity of enalaprilat in severe hypertension. Hypertension 11:239–243

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ehring T, Baumgart D, Krajcar M, Hümmelgen M, Kompa S, Heusch G (1994) Attenuation of myocardial stunning by the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat through a signal cascade of bradykinin and prostaglandins but not nitric oxide. Circulation 90:1368–1385

    Google Scholar 

  28. Masferrer JL, Seibert K, Zweifel B, Needleman P (1992) Endogenous glucocorticoids regulate an inducible cycloxygenase enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3917–3921

    Google Scholar 

  29. Moncada S, Gryglewski RJ, Bunting S, Vane JR (1976) An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature 263:663–665

    Google Scholar 

  30. Simmet T, Peskar BA (1986) Eicosanoids and the coronary circulation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 104:1–64

    Google Scholar 

  31. Friedman PL, Brown EJ, Gunter S, Alexander RW, Barry WH, Mudge GH, Grossman W (1981) Coronary vasoconstrictor effect of indomethacin in patients with coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med 305:1171–1175

    Google Scholar 

  32. Münzel T, Stewart DJ, Holtz J, Bassenge E (1988) Preferential venoconstriction by cyclooxygenase inhibition in vivo without attenuation of nitroglycerin venodilation. Circulation 78: 407–415

    Google Scholar 

  33. Friedmann P, Brown E, Gunther S, Alexander R, Barry W, Mudge G, Grossmann W (1981) Coronary vasoconstrictor effect of indomethacin in patients with coronary artery desease. N Engl J Med 305:1171–1175

    Google Scholar 

  34. Coker SJ, Parratt JR (1984) The effects of nafazatrom on arrhythmias and prostanoid release during coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in anaesthetised greyhounds. J Mol Cell Cardiol 16:43–52

    Google Scholar 

  35. Parratt JR (1987) Modification of the thromboxane/prostacyclin balance as an approach to antiarrhythmic therapy; the concept of endogenous antiarrhythmic substances. In: Dhalla NS, Innes IR, Beamish RE, Nijhoff M (eds) Myocardial Ischaemia; Boston; pp 21–35

  36. Parratt JR (1994) Protection of the heart by ischaemic preconditioning: mechanisms and possiblities for pharmacological exploitation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:19–25

    Google Scholar 

  37. Fitzgerald GA, Smith B, Pederson AK, Brash AR (1984) Prostacyclin biosynthesis is increased in patients with severe atherosclerosis and platelet activation. N Engl J Med 310:1065–1068

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hennekens CH, Peto R, Hutchison GB, Doll R (1988) An overview of the british and american aspirin studies. N Engl J Med 318:923–924

    Google Scholar 

  39. Chierchia S, DeCaterina R, Brunelli C, Crea F, Patrono C, Maseri A (1982) Failure of thromboxane A2 blockade to prevent attacks of vasospastic angina. Circulation 66:702–705

    Google Scholar 

  40. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborate Group (1994) ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 15:608–619

    Google Scholar 

  41. ESPRIM group (1994) The ESPRIM trial: short-term treatment of acute myocardial infarction with molsidomine. Lancet 344:91–97

    Google Scholar 

  42. Busse R, Lückhoff A, Bassenge E (1987) Endothelium-derived relaxant factor inhibits platelet activation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 336:566–571

    Google Scholar 

  43. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA (1991) Nitric oxide-physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43:109–142

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fink-Kirpun N, Fink B, Bassenge E (1995) Changes in platelet activity following thrombin induced receptor stimulation during chronic administration of nitrovasodilators. FASEB J 9: A 561 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Michel Th (1995) Molecular regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. AHA-Conference Snowbird (personal communication)

  46. Buga GM, Griscavage JM, Rogers NE, Ignarro LJ (1993) Negative feedback regulation of endothelial cell function by nitric oxide. Circ Res 73: 808–812

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sun D, Smith CJ, Sessa WC, Hoegler C, Xu X, Hintze TH (1994) NO-releasing agent, CAS 936, selectively down-regulates ECNOS gene expression in dog aortic endothelium. Circ Res 90/2: I-406

    Google Scholar 

  48. Rengasamy A, Johns RA (1993) Regulation of nitric oxide synthase by nitric oxide. Mol Pharmacol 44:124–128

    Google Scholar 

  49. Xu X, Ohashi H, Sanduja SK, Ruan K, Wang L (1993) Enhanced prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells by retro-virus-mediated transfer of prostaglandin H synthase cDNA. J Clin Invest 91: 1843–1849

    Google Scholar 

  50. Xu KK (1995) Molecular regulation and augmentation of prostacyclin biosynthesis. Agents Actions Suppl 45: 11–17

    Google Scholar 

  51. Thaulow E, Guth BD, Schulz R, Ross Jr J (1989) Selective thromboxane A2 receptor blockade in experimental exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in dogs. Acta Physiol Scand 136:321–330

    Google Scholar 

  52. Nichols WW, Mehta JL, Thompson L, Donnelly WH (1988) Synergistic effects of LTC4 and TxA2 on coronary flow and myocardial function. Am J Physiol 255: H153–H159

    Google Scholar 

  53. Evers AS, Murphee S, Saffitz JE, Jakschik BA, Needleman P (1985) Effects of endogenously produced leukotrienes, thromboxane and prostaglandins on coronary vascular resistance in rabbit myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 75:992–999

    Google Scholar 

  54. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373–376

    Google Scholar 

  55. Quyyumi AA, Cannon RO, Panza JA, Diodati JG, Epstein SE (1992) Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries. Circulation 86:1864–1871

    Google Scholar 

  56. Bassenge E, Heusch G (1990) Endothelial and neuro-humoral control of coronary blood flow in health and disease. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 116:77–165

    Google Scholar 

  57. Davies PF, Tripathi SC (1993) Mechanical stress mechanisms and the cell. An endothelial paradigm. Circ Res 72: 239–245

    Google Scholar 

  58. Myers PR, Minor RL, Guerra R, Bates JN, Harrison DG (1990) The vasorelaxant properties of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor more closely resemble S-nitrosocysteine than nitric oxide. Nature 345:161–163

    Google Scholar 

  59. Nishida K, Harrison DG, Navas JP, Fisher AA, Dockery SP, Uematsu M, Nerem RM, Alexander RW, Murphy TJ (1992) Molecular cloning and characterization of the constitutive bovine aortic endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase. J Clin Invest 90:2092–2096

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rubanyi GM, Freay AD, Kauser K, Johns A, Harder DR (1990) Mechanoreception by the endothelium — mediators and mechanisms of pressure-induced and flow-induced vascular responses. Blood Vessels 27:246–257

    Google Scholar 

  61. Pohl U, Lamontagne D, Bassenge E, Busse R (1994) Attenuation of coronary autoregulation in the isolated rabbit heart by endothelium derived nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Res 28:414–419

    Google Scholar 

  62. Pohl U, Herlan K, Huang A, Bassenge E (1991) EDRF-mediated shear-induced dilation opposes myogenic vasoconstriction in small rabbit arteries. Am J Physiol 261: H2016–H2023

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kuo, L, Davis MJ, Chilian WM (1988) Myogenic activity in isolated subepicardial and subendocardial coronary arterioles. Am J Physiol 255: H1558–H1562

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kuo L, Chilian WM, Davis MJ (1991) Interaction of pressure-and flow-induced responses in porcine coronary resistance vessels. Am J Physiol 261: H1706–H1717

    Google Scholar 

  65. Halbrugge T, Lutsch K, Thyen A, Graefe KH (1991) Rote of nitric oxide formation in the regulation of haemodynamics and the release of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 344: 720–727

    Google Scholar 

  66. Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschläger H, Just HJ (1991) Modulation of coronary vasomotor tone in humans. Progressive endothelial dysfunction with different early stages of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 83: 391–401

    Google Scholar 

  67. Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw JD, Alexander RW (1994) Angiotensin II Stimulates NADH and NADPH Oxidase Activity in Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Circ Res 74: 1141–1148

    Google Scholar 

  68. Fink B, Bassenge E (1995) Exogenous NO in contrast to endogenous NO is subject to tolerance due to enhanced O2-radical formation resulting from impaired NO-scavenging Pfluegers Arch 429: R 108

    Google Scholar 

  69. Griffith TM, Lewis MJ, Newby AC, Henderson AH (1988) Endotheliumderived relaxing factor. J Am Coll Cardiol 12: 797–806

    Google Scholar 

  70. Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Saurbier B, Just H (1993) Endothelium-mediated coronary blood flow modulations in humans: Effects of age, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. J. Clin Invest 92: 652–662

    Google Scholar 

  71. Huckstorf C, Zanzinger J, Fink B, Bassenge E (1994) Reduced nitric oxide formation causes coronary vasoconstriction and impaired dilator responses to endogenous agonists and hypoxia in dogs. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 349: 367–373

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bassenge E (1991) Endotheliummediated regulation of coronary tone. Basic Res Cardiol 86: 69–76

    Google Scholar 

  73. Toda N, Okamura T (1992) Regulation by nitroxidergic nerve of arterial tone. News Physiol Sci 7: 148–152

    Google Scholar 

  74. Sakuma I, Togashi H, Yoshioka M, Saito H, Yanagida M, Tamura M, Kobayashi T, Yasuda H, Gross SS, Levi R (1992) NG-methyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of L-arginine-derived nitric oxide synthesis, stimulates renal sympathetic nerve activity in vivo — A role for nitric oxide in the central regulation of sympathetic tone. Circ Res 70: 607–611

    Google Scholar 

  75. Boulanger C, Luscher TF (1990) Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta-inhibition by endotheliumderived nitric oxide. J Clin Invest 85: 587–590

    Google Scholar 

  76. Pohl U, Busse R, Kuon E, Bassenge E (1986) Pulsatile perfusion stimulates the release of endothelial autacoids. J Appl Cardiol 1: 215–235

    Google Scholar 

  77. Olesen SP (1989) An electrophysiological study of microvascular permeability and its modulation by chemical mediators. Acta Physiol Scand 136: 7–28

    Google Scholar 

  78. Shen J, Luscinskas FW, Connolly A, Dewey, CF, Gimbrone MA (1992) Fluid shear stress modulates cytosolic free calcium in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 262: C384-C390

    Google Scholar 

  79. Förstermann U, Pollock JS, Nakane M (1993) Nitric oxide synthases in the cardiovascular system. Trends Cardiovasc Med 3: 104–110

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hecker M, Mülsch A, Bassenge E, Busse R (1993) Vasoconstriction and increased flow: tow principal mechanisms of shear stress-dependent endothelial autacoid release. Am J Physiol 265: H828–H833

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kubes P, Suzuki, M, Granger DN (1991) Nitric oxide — An endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4651–4655

    Google Scholar 

  82. Dzau VJ, Gibbons GH (1993) Introduction-Vascular remodeling: Mechanisms and implications. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 21 Suppl 1: S1-S5

    Google Scholar 

  83. Stuehr DJ, Cho HJ, Kwon NS, Weise MF, Nathan CF (1991) Purification and characterization of the cytokine-induced macrophage nitric oxide synthase — An FAD-containing and FMNcontaining flavoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88: 7773–7777

    Google Scholar 

  84. Nathan CF, Hibbs JB (1991) Role of nitric oxide synthesisin macrophage antimicrobial activity. Curr Opin Immunol 3: 65–70

    Google Scholar 

  85. Pentros A, Bennett D, Vallance P (1991) Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on hypotension in patients with septic shock. Lancet 338: 1557–1558

    Google Scholar 

  86. Freudenberg H, Lichtlen PR (1981) The normal wall segment in coronary stenoses — a postmortal study. Z Kardiol 70: 863–869

    Google Scholar 

  87. Cooke J, Andon N, Girerd X, Hirsch A, Creager M (1991) Arginine restores cholinergic relaxation of hypercholesterolemic rabbit thoracic aorta. Circulation 83: 1057–1062

    Google Scholar 

  88. Drexler H, Zeiher AM, Meinzer K, Just H (1991) Correction of endothelial dysfunction in coronary microcirculation of hypercholesterolemic patients by L-arginine. Lancet 338: 1546–1550

    Google Scholar 

  89. Drexler H, Fischell TA, Pinto FJ, Chenzbraun A, Botas J, Cooke JP, Alderman EL (1994) Effect of L-arginine on coronary endothelial function in cardiac transplant recipients: Relation to vessel wall morphology. Circulation 89: 1615–1623

    Google Scholar 

  90. Xu D, Emoto N, Giaid A, Slaughter C, Kaw S, de Witt D, Yanagisawa M (1994) ECE-1: A membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1. Cell 78: 473–485

    Google Scholar 

  91. Marsden PA, Danthuluri NR, Brenner BM, Ballermann BJ, Brock TA (1989) Endothelin action on vascular smooth muscle involves inositol trisphosphate and calcium mobilization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 158: 86–93

    Google Scholar 

  92. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Goto K, Masaki T (1988) Endotheliumderived novel vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin: a possible endogenous agonist for voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. In: Morad M, Nayler W, Kazda S, Schramm M (eds.) The calcium channel: Structure, function and implications. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp 575–585

    Google Scholar 

  93. Lüscher TF (1993) Do we need endothelin antagonists? Cardiovasc Res 27: 2089–2093

    Google Scholar 

  94. Lüscher TF, Wenzel RR (1995) Endothelin and endothelin antagonists: Pharmacology and clinical implications. In: Schrör KPace-Asciak CR (eds) Mediators in the cardiovascular system: Regional ischemia. Birkhäuser Basel, pp 237–253

    Google Scholar 

  95. Saijonmaa O, Ristimäki A, Fyhrquist F (1990) Atrial natriuretic peptide, nitroglycerine, and nitroprusside reduce basal and stimulated endothelin production from cultured endothelial cells. Bioch Biophys Res Comm 173: 514–520

    Google Scholar 

  96. Nayler WG (1990) Endothelin —isoforms, binding sites and possible implications in pathology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11: 97–99

    Google Scholar 

  97. Liu J, Chen R, Casley DJ, Nayler WG (1990) Ischemia and reperfusion increase I-125-labeled endothelin-1 binding in rat cardiac membranes. Am J Physiol 258: H829–H835

    Google Scholar 

  98. Vanhoutte PM (1994) A matter of life and breath. Nature 368: 693–694

    Google Scholar 

  99. Koster PF, Ohlstein EH, Nichols AJ (1989) The effect of intracoronary endothelin on coronary hemodynamics and cardiac function in anesthetized dogs. FASEB J 3: A878

    Google Scholar 

  100. Igarashi Y, Aizawa Y, Tamura M, Ebe K, Yamaguchi T, Shibata A (1989) Vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin on the canine coronary artery — is a novel endogenous peptide involved in regulating myocardial blood flow and coronary spasm. Am Heart J 118: 674–678

    Google Scholar 

  101. Toyo-oka T, Aizawa T, Suzuki N, Hirata Y, Miyauchi T, Shin WS, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T, Sugimoto T (1991) Increased plasma-level of endothelin-1 and coronary spasm induction in patients with vasospastic angina pectoris. Circulation 83: 476–483

    Google Scholar 

  102. Yanagisawa M, Masaki T (1989) Endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived peptide: pharmacological activities, regulation and possible roles in cardiovascular control. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 1877–1883

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Angewandte Physiologie, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany

    E. Bassenge

Authors
  1. E. Bassenge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Invited Contributions to the Symposium “Regulation of coronary blood flow”, held at the XV. World Congress of the International Society for Heart Research in Prague 1995

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bassenge, E. Control of coronary blood flow by autacoids. Basic Res Cardiol 90, 125–141 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789443

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789443

Key words

Search

Navigation