Skip to main content
Log in

Parametrized post-post-Newtonian (PP2N) formalism for the solar system

  • Research Articles
  • Published:
General Relativity and Gravitation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An extension of the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism to third order in the expansion parameterm/r is used to derive analytical expressions accurate to the same order for the motion of test particles and photons in the presence of the gravitational field of the sun represented by a static, isotropic metric. The consequences of including higher-order terms are discussed in relation to the so-called classical gravitational tests for the case of general relativity theory. Present observational or experimental data are not accurate enough to detect variations due to the inclusion of higher-order terms but a planned solar probe experiment may provide information that would make such detection possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Eddington, A. S. (1922).The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Einstein, A., Infeld, L., and Hoffmann, B. (1938).Ann. Math.,39, 65.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Robertson, H. P. (1938).Ann. Math.,39, 101.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Einstein, A., and Infeld, L. (1940).Ann. Math.,41, 455.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Einstein, A., and Infeld, L. (1949).Can. J. Math.,1, 209.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Robertson, H. P. (1962). InSpace Age Astronomy, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schiff, L. I. (1962).J. Indust. Appl. Math.,10, 795.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Schiff, L. I. (1967). InRelativity Theory and Astrophysics 1, Relativity and Cosmology, American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Will, C. M., and Nordtvedt, K. (1972).Astrophys. J.,177, 757.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Will, C. M., and Nordtvedt, K. (1972). Preprint OAP-284, Caltech, Pasadena, California.

  11. Will, C. M. (1974). InProceedings of the International School of Physics E. Fermi, Course 56, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Will, C. M. (1976). InProceedings of the International Symposium on Experimental Gravitation, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Birkhoff, G. (1923).Relativity and Modern Physics, p. 253, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Deser, S., and Laurent, B. E. (1968).Am. J. Phys.,36, 789.

    Google Scholar 

  15. von Laue, M. (1920).Phys. Z.,21, 659.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Whittaker, E. T. (1928).Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.,24, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Weinberg, S. (1972).Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Duff, M. J. (1974).Gen. Rel. Grav.,5, 441.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Braginskii, V. B., and Rudenko, V. N. (1970).Sov. Phys. Usp.,13, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Landau, L. D., and Lifshitz, E. M. (1975).The Classical Theory of Fields, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Misner, C. W., Thorne, K. S., and Wheeler, J. A. (1973).Gravitation, Freeman, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Fomalont, E. B., and Sramek, R. A. (1975).Astrophys. J.,199, 749.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Fomalont, E. B., and Sramek, R. A. (1976).Phys. Rev. Lett.,36, 1475.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fomalont, E. B., and Sramek, R. A. (1977).Comments Astrophys. Space Phys.,7, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Shapiro, I. I., Pettengill, G. H., Ash, M. E., Ingals, R. P., Campbell, D. B., and Dyce, R. B. (1972).Phys. Rev. Lett.,28, 1594.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Shapiro, I. I., Reasenberg, R. D., MacNeil, P. E., Goldstein, R. B., Brenkle, J. P., Cain, D. L., Komarek, T., Zygielbaum, A. I., Cuddihy, W. F., and Michael, Jr., W. H. (1977).J. Geophys. Res.,82, 4329.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Reasenberg, R. D., Shapiro, I. I., MacNeil, P. E., Goldstein, R. B., Breidenthal, J. C., Brenkle, J. P., Cain, D. L., Kaufman, T. M., Komarek, T. A., and Zygielbaum, A. I. (1979).Astrophys. J.,234, L219.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ginzburg, V. L. (1956).Sov. Phys. JETP,3, 136.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ginzburg, V. L. (1971).Sov. Phys. Usp.,14, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Roth, E. A. (1975).Acta Astronautica,2, 543.

    Google Scholar 

  31. ESA (1976). Solar Probe. Report of the Mission Definition Study. Technical Report DP/PS (76)8.

  32. NASA and JPL (1978). A Close-Up of the Sun, JPL Publication 78–70.

  33. Reasenberg, R. D. (1980). InProceedings of the International School of Cosmology and Gravitation, Course 6, Plenum, Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hechler, M. (1976). MAD Working Paper No. 2. Information Handling Dept. ESOC.

  35. For the frequency shift effect in a particular experimental configuration see Sarmiento G., A. F. (1982).Rev. Mex. Fis., 29–1, November.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sarmiento, A.F. Parametrized post-post-Newtonian (PP2N) formalism for the solar system. Gen Relat Gravit 14, 793–805 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00756090

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00756090

Keywords

Navigation