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Zur Kontrolle von Fortpflanzungszyklen bei Vögeln

Untersuchungen an Bergfinken

On control of reproductive cycles in birds

Investigations on bramblings

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Summary

Under the natural light conditions of Kiel the maximal AChE-activity of the pars distalis of male bramblings (group N) is correlated with highest testes weight, widest diameter of seminiferous tubules, darkest bill color, and widest diameter of seminal vesicles (Fig. 1, Fig. 2). AChE-cells first appear at the end of Jan. and almost completely disappear at the beginning of the photorefractory period. At this time large amounts of lipids can be observed in the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue. These lipids gradually disappear during fall and winter. At the end of Jan. and in Feb. fat droplets are selectively deposited in differentiating Leydig-cells.

Under constant longday conditions (20L4D, group L, beginning in October) the tubule and interstitial lipids disappear as they did in group N. The characteristics of the refractory period (no AChE-cells, minimal testicular weight, minimal diameter of seminiferous tubules and seminal vesicles, yellow bill color) are maintained over 13 months until the end of the experiment (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). Only 3 out of 51 birds showed a gonadal cycle.

Under shortday conditions (8L 16D, group K, beginning in October) no essential differences to groups N and L can bee seen during the first months (Fig. 5). By the end of January AChE-positive cells develop in the pars distalis, testes weight and diameter of seminiferous tubules increase slowly, and Leydig-cells differentiate and incorporate lipids. From July until the end of the experiment a steady state can be observed (Fig. 6). The AChE-cells are about as numerous as in May in group N, but are smaller and more irregularly shaped. The testes are 4 times heavier than during the winter, but reach only about 1% of the maximal weight of group N (Fig. 5). No testosterone secretion is indicated by the sexhormone dependent structures.

Photosensitive males can be rapidly and prematurely stimulated by longdays to undergo the alterations observed in group N during spring. Castrated photosensitive birds react to longdays with a spectacular hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the AChE-cells. This reaction is evidence that these cells have a gonadotropic function.

Castration and shortday treatment (beginning in October) do not lead to hyperplastic and hypertrophic alterations of the AchE-cells until May. This indicates the existence of a negative feedback between the testes and the hypo-thalamo-pituitary system even at a time when no testosterone secretion can be recognized at the sexhormone dependent structures. Treatment with testosterone causes the AChE-cells which developed under shortday conditions to disappear.

Several observations (ultrastructural localization of AChE, parallelism of gonadotropin content and AChE-activity, and high AChE-activity and high gonadotropin content together with undeveloped gonads) indicate that AChE is involved in hormone synthesis and that gonadotropin synthesis and release can be controlled separately. While synthesis may occur under shortday conditions long-days are necessary for release. Testosterone can inhibit GTH-synthesis and release.

In groups L and K no circannual oscillations could be detected. Therefore the seasonal changes in day length must be considered as the cause of the annual reproduction rhythm in bramblings. An hour glass model is constructed which uses the circadian photosensitivity phases and their threshold-shifts to connect endogenously and exogenously controlled rhythms.

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    Eberhard Haase

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Als Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der Venia legendi in Zoologie von der Mathematischen-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian Albrechts-Universität Kiel im WS 1971/72 angenommen.

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Haase, E. Zur Kontrolle von Fortpflanzungszyklen bei Vögeln. J. Comp. Physiol. 84, 375–431 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00696350

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