Summary
-
1.
The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal from the water in the gill filaments of the eel is broad in comparison with the signals obtained from tap water or from sea water. This suggests a binding of a fraction of cellular water to branchial constitutuents. The cellular water is present in at least two phases which differ by the degree of interaction between water and gill macro-molecules.
-
2.
Measurements of water exchanges either by an isotopic technique or by NMR give similar results. Measurements made after the destruction of the cells show that structured water exchanges are not the limiting factor in transbranchial diffusional fluxes.
-
3.
The high activation energy required to transfer water molecules across the gill epithelium seems to indicate a highly structured diffusional medium.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bloch, F.: Nuclear induction. Phys. Rev.70, 460–474 (1946)
Bornancin, M., De Renzis, G.: Evolution of the branchial sodium outflux and its components, especially the Na/K exchange and the Na−K dependent ATPase activity during adaptation to sea water inAnguilla anguilla. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.43, 577–591 (1972)
Burke, M.J., Bryant, R.C., Weisser, C.J.: NMR of water in cold acclimating red osier dogwood stem. Plant. Physiol.200, 392–398 (1974)
Cope, F.W.: NMR evidence for complexing of Na+ in muscle, kidney and brain and by actomyosin. The relation of cellular complexing of Na+ to water structure and to transport kinetics. J. gen. Physiol.50, 1353–1375 (1967)
Dainty, J., House, C.R.: ‘Unstirred layers’ in frog skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.)182, 66–78 (1966)
Dainty, J., House, C.R.: An examination of the evidence for membrane pores in frog skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.)185, 172–184 (1966)
Emsley, J.W., Feeney, J., Sutcliffe, L.H.: High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. London-New York: Pergamon Press 1965
Fung, B.M., Durham, D.L., Wassil, D.A.: The state of water in biological systems as studied by proton and deuterium relaxation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta399, 191–202 (1975)
Girard, J.P., Payan, P.: Effect of epinephrine on vascular space of gills and head of rainbow trout. Amer. J. Physiol.230, 1555–1560 (1976)
Grigera, J.R., Cereijido, M.: The state of water in the outer barrier of the isolated frog skin. J. Membr. Biol.4, 148–155 (1971)
Hays, R.M., Leaf, A.: The state of water in the isolated toad bladder in the presence and absence of vasopressin. J. gen. Physiol.45, 933–948 (1962)
Haywood, G.P., Isaia, J., Maetz, J.: Epinephrine effects on branchial water and urea flux in rainbow trout. Amer. J. Physiol.232, R110-R115 (1977)
Hazlewood, C.F., Chang, D.C., Nichols, B.L., Wossner, D.E.: Nuclear magnetic resonance transverse relaxation times of water protons in skeletal muscle. Biophys. J.14, 583–606 (1974)
Hazlewood, C.F., Nichols, B.L., Chamberlain, N.F.: Evidence for the existence of a minimum of two phases of ordered water in skeletal muscle. Nature222, 747–750 (1969)
Isaia, J.: Comparative effects of temperature on the sodium and water permeabilities of the gills of a stenohaline freshwater fish (Carassius auratus) and a stenohaline marine fish (Serranus scriba, Serranus cabrilla). J. exp. Biol.57, 359–366 (1972)
Isaia, J., Hirano, T.: Effect of environmental salinity change on osmotic permeability of the isolated gill of the eel,Anguilla anguilla L. J. Physiol. (Paris)70, 737–747 (1975)
Isaia, J., Masoni, A.: The effects of calcium and magnesium on water and ionic permeabilities in the sea water adapted eel,Anguilla anguilla L. J. comp. Physiol.109, 221–233 (1976)
Koefoed-Johnsen, V., Ussing, H.H.: The contribution of diffusion and flow to the passage of D2O through living membranes. Effect of neurohypophyseal hormone on isolated anuran skin. Acta Physiol. Scand.28, 60–76 (1953)
Lahlou, B., Giordan, A.: Le contrôle hormonal des échanges et de la balance de l'eau chez le téléostéen d'eau douceCarassius auratus, intact et hypophysectomisé. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.14, 491–509 (1970)
Motais, R., Isaia, J.: Temperature-dependence of permeability to water and to sodium of the gill epithelium of the eelAnguilla anguilla. J. exp. Biol.56, 587–600 (1972)
Motais, R., Isaia, J., Rankin, J.C., Maetz, J.: Adaptive changes of the water permeability of the teleostean gill epithelium in relation to external salinity. J. exp. Biol.51, 529–546 (1969)
Nakano, T., Tomlinson, N.: Catecholamine and carbohydrate concentrations in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in relation to physical disturbance. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada24, 1701–1715 (1967)
Raaphorst, G.P., Kruuv, J., Pintar, M.M.: Nuclear magnetic resonance study of mammalian cell water. Influence of water content and ionic environment. Biophys. J.15, 391–402 (1975)
Sussman, M.V., Chin, L.: Liquid water in frozen tissue: study by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science151, 324–325 (1966)
Vick, R.L., Chang, D.C., Nichols, B.L., Hazlewood, C.F., Harvey, M.C.: Sodium, potassium and water in cardiac tissues. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.204, 575–592 (1973)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Isaia, J., Isaia, A. Measurements of water exchanges in the eel gill compared by nuclear magnetic resonance and isotopic techniques. J Comp Physiol B 124, 137–142 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00689174
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00689174