Abstract
We use the Vlasov equations for ions and electrons to develop a theory of a double layer in which there are both free and trapped electrons and ions. We find the equations which replace the Langmuir condition and the Bohm conditions and by numerically solving the resultant differential equation we find for particular choices of distribution functions the potential distribution in the layer. We discuss the applicability of this theory to solar flares, and show that conditions in solar flares may be such that double layers can exist for which the free particles have a power-law energy distribution. These particles will be accelerated in a double layer and may in this way account for the production of high-energy particles during the impulsive phase of solar flares.
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Hasan, S.S., Ter Haar, D. The Alfvén-Carlquist double-layer theory of solar flares. Astrophys Space Sci 56, 89–107 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00643464
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00643464