Skip to main content
Log in

New data on the mechanism of the Fischer indole synthesis (review)

  • Published:
Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds Aims and scope

Abstract

Recent data on the mechanism of the rearrangement of arylhydrazones to indoles (the Fischer reaction) are examined. The effect of electronic factors and the acidity of the medium on the rate of the process is discussed. The regioselectivity of the indolization reaction and its quantum-chemical interpretation are analyzed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  1. E. Fischer and F. Jourdan, Ber.,16, 2241 (1883).

    Google Scholar 

  2. B. Robinson, The Fischer Indole Synthesis, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  3. C. Sarbu, N. Radulescu, M. Ionescu, S. Negritescu, C. Ioan, N. Boestanu, and M. Siminovicu, Rev. Roum. Chim.,25, 245 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  4. A. P. Kozikowski and Y.-Y. Chen, Tetrahedron,40, 2345 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. A. Glennon, J. M. Jacyno, R. Young, J. D. McKenney, and D. Nelson, J. Med. Chem.,27, 41 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. E. Kuehne (editor), “New developments in indole alkaloids,” Tetrahedron,39, 3629 (1983).

  7. B. Robinson, Chem. Rev.,63, 373 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  8. B. Robinson, Chem. Rev.,69, 227 (1969); Usp. Khim.,40, 1434 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  9. I. I. Grandberg, Izv. Timiryazev. Skh. Akad., No. 5, 188 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  10. I. I. Grandberg and V. I. Sorokin, Usp. Khim.,18, 266 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  11. I. I. Grandberg, Zh. Org. Khim.,19, 2439 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Yu. P. Kitaev and T. V. Troepol'skaya, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 8, 1011 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  13. H. J. Shine, Aromatic Rearrangements, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1967), p. 190.

    Google Scholar 

  14. R. J. Sundberg, The Chemistry of Indoles, Academic Press, New York, (1970), p. 143.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Yu. P. Kitaev and B. I. Buzykin, Hydrazones [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1974), p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  16. H. Heimgartner, H.-J. Hansen, and H. Schmid, Iminium Salts in Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York (1979), p. 665.

    Google Scholar 

  17. H. Ishii, J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn.,38, 693 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  18. H. Ishii, Acc. Chem. Res.,14, 275 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  19. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, Tetrahedron,36, 161 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. M. Robinson and R. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., No. 13, 639 (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. M. Robinson and R. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., No. 25, 827 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  22. K. Brunner, Ber.,31, 1943 (1898).

    Google Scholar 

  23. C. F. H. Allen and C. V. Wilson, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,65, 611 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  24. R. B. Carlin and E. E. Fischer, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,70, 3421 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  25. A. E. Arbuzov and Yu. P. Kitaev, Zh. Obshch. Khim.,27, 2328 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  26. N. N. Suvorov, N. P. Sorokina, and Yu. N. Sheinker, Zh. Obshch. Khim.,28, 1090 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  27. A. N. Kost, G. A. Golubeva, and Yu. N. Portnov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,200, 342 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  28. H. Posvic, R. Dombro, H. Ito, and T. Telinski, J. Org. Chem.,39, 2575 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  29. O. Diels and J. Reese, Annalen,519, 147 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. J. Fatiadi, J. Org. Chem.,25, 831 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  31. G. S. Bajwa and R. K. Brown, Can. J. Chem.,47, 785 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  32. K. Mills, I.K. Al-Khawaja, F. S. Al-Salen, and J. A. Joule, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, No. 2, 636 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  33. A. W. Douglas, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,100, 6463 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  34. A. W. Douglas, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,101, 5676 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  35. A. T. P. Forrest and F. M. F. Chen, Chem. Commun., No. 19, 1067 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  36. N. D. Heindel, P. D. Kennewell, and M. Pfau, J. Org. Chem.,35, 80 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  37. P. Bouchet, J. Elguero, and J.-M. Pereilo, Bull. Soc. Chim. France, No. 8, 2482 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  38. P. Schiess and A. Grieder, Helv. Chim. Acta,57, 2643 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  39. P. Schiess and E. Sendi, Helv. Chim. Acta,61, 1364 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  40. G. J. Karabatsos and K. L. Krumel, Tetrahedron,23, 1097 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  41. I. I. Grandberg and N. M. Przheval'skii, Izv. Timiryazev, Skh. Akad., No. 2, 177 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  42. G. Kollenz, Monatsh. Chem.,109, 249 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  43. R. Thener and G. Kollenz, Ostereich. Chem.-Z.,84, 231 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  44. W. Sucrow, Org. Prep. Proc.,14, 91 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  45. D. Desaty and D. Keglevič, Croat. Chem. Acta,36, 103 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  46. E. N. Marvell, J. L. Stephenson, and J. Ong, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,87, 1267 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  47. A. R. Frasca, An. Asoc. Quim. Argentina,50, 1 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  48. I. I. Grandberg, L. D. Belyaeva, and L. B. Dmitriev, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 1, 58 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  49. M. A. Khan and J. F. de Rocha, J. Heterocycl. Chem.,15, 913 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  50. F. M. Miller and N. W. Schinske, J. Org. Chem.,43, 3384 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  51. N. N. Suvorov, D. N. Plutitskii, and Yu. I. Smushkevich, Zh. Org. Khim.,16, 872 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  52. W. Yoshihisa, Y. Michichiro, S. S. Chul, M. Sogo, and M. Takeaki, Chem. Lett., No. 5, 603 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  53. G. A. Golubeva, Yu. N. Portnov, and A. N. Kost, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 4, 511 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  54. G. Baccolini and P. E. Todesco, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., No. 11, 563 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  55. G. Baccolini and P. E. Todesco, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, No. 3, 535 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  56. G. Baccolini, G. Bartoli, and E. Marotta, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, No. 11, 2695 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  57. L. E. Overman, Angew. Chem.,96, 565 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  58. N. N. Suvorov, V. N. Skhil'kova, and N. Ya. Podkhalyuzina, Zh. Org. Khim.,17, 745 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  59. N. Ya. Podkhalyuzina, V. N. Shkil'kova, and N. N. Suvorov, Zh. Vese. Khim. Obshch.,26, 230 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  60. A. P. Ushakov, V. E. Timofeev, and N. Ya. Tyuryaev, Zh. Prikl. Khim., No. 10, 2185 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  61. G. L. Glish and R. G. Cooks, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,100, 6720 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  62. H. J. Hansen, B. Sutter, and H. Schmid, Helv. Chim. Acta,51, 828 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  63. R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, Retention of Orbital Symmetry [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  64. N. M. Przheval'skii and I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 11, 1581 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  65. N. M. Przheval'skii, I. I. Grandberg, and N. A. Klyuev, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 8, 1065 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  66. N. M. Przheval'skii, I. I. Grandberg, N. A. Klyuev, and A. B. Belikov, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 10, 1349 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  67. N. M. Przheval'skii and I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 7, 940 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  68. S. R. Landor, P. D. Landor, Z. T. Fomum, and G. M. Mpango, Tetrahedron Lett.,18, 3743 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  69. G. B. Reed, P. T. W. Cheng, and S. McLean, Can. J. Chem.,60, 419 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  70. F. Sannicolo, Tetrahedron Lett.,25, 3101 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  71. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, J. Org. Chem.,49, 4374 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  72. E. Winterfeldt, Fortschr. Chem. Forsch.,16, 75 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  73. T. Gilchrist and R. C. Storr, Organic Reactions and Orbital Symmetry, Cambridge University Press (1972).

  74. N. M. Przheval'skii and I. I. Grandberg, Usp. Khim.,56, 814 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  75. C. G. Burrow and B. K. Carpenter, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,103, 6983 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  76. A. V. Anisimov and E. A. Viktorova, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 4, 435 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  77. K. Fretter, V. Fuchs, and T. P. Pitner, J. Org. Chem.,48, 4593 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  78. G. Baccolini and E. Marotta, Tetrahedron,41, 4615 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  79. I. I. Grandberg, T. I. Zuyanova, N. M. Przheval'skii, and V. I. Minkin, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 6, 750 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  80. G. P. Tokmakov and I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 3, 331 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  81. G. P. Tokmakov, T. G. Zemlyanova, and I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 1, 56 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  82. G. P. Tokmakov, T. G. Zemlyanova, and I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 12, 1662 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  83. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 2, 200 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  84. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, Tetrahedron Lett.,19, 1233 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  85. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, Tetrahedron Lett.,18, 3163 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  86. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, J. Org. Chem.,46, 83 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  87. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, J. Org. Chem.,46, 90 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  88. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, J. Org. Chem.,47, 1691 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  89. R. Fusco and F. Sannicolo, Tetrahedron Lett.,19, 4827 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  90. F. Sparatore, V. Boido, and G. Pirisino, Tetrhedron Lett., No. 27, 2371 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  91. K. H. Pausacker and C. I. Schubert, J. Chem. Soc., No. 7, 1814 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  92. R. B. Carlin, J. Am. Chem. Soc,74, 1077 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  93. J. McLean, S. McLean, and R. I. Reed, J. Chem. Soc., No. 3, 2519 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  94. P. I. Th. Scheltus, “Kinetic Investigations of the Fischer indole synthesis,” Dissertation, Leiden (1959).

  95. R. N. Elgersma, “Einege aspecten van de indolsynthese volgens Fischer,” Dissertation, Rotterdam (1969).

  96. L. Yu. Kostromina, Master's Dissertation, Moscow (1986).

  97. N. M. Przheval'skii, M. E. Kletskii, I. I. Grandberg, and L. Yu. Kostromina, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 6, 774 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  98. N. M. Przheval'skii, L. Yu. Kostromina, and I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 9, 1207 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  99. Yu. B. Vysotskii, N. M. Przheval'skii, B. P. Zemskii, I. I. Grandberg, and L. Yu. Kostromina, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 7, 898 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  100. N. M. Przheval'skii, L. Yu. Kostromina, and I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 2, 188 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  101. I. I. Grandberg, L. D. Belyaeva, and L. B. Dmitriev, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 1, 58 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  102. I. I. Grandberg, L. D. Belyaeva, and L. B. Dmitriev, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 9, 1204 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  103. D. W. Ockenden and K. Schofield, J. Chem. Soc., No. 3, 3175 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  104. U. Widmer, J. Zsindely, H.-J. Hansen, and H. Schmid, Helv. Chim. Acta,56, 75 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  105. I. I. Grandberg, T. I. Zuyanova, N. I. Afonina, and T. A. Ivanova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,176, 583 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  106. I. I. Grandberg, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 5, 579 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  107. K. Brunner, Monatsh. Chem.,17, 253 (1896).

    Google Scholar 

  108. H. Seeboth, Angew. Chem.,6, 307 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  109. O. Piloty, Berichte,43, 489 (1910).

    Google Scholar 

  110. C. Hollins, The Synthesis of Nitrogen Ring Compounds, Benn., London (1924), p. 80.

    Google Scholar 

  111. C. V. Rohrscheidt and H. Fritz, Annalen, No. 4, 680 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Yu. N. Portnov and G. A. Golubeva, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 9, 1155 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  113. V. N. Barinova, V. G. Voronin, V. P. Zhestkov, and Yu. N. Portnov, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 9, 1213 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  114. J. E. Baldwin and J. C. Bottaro, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., No. 1, 624 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  115. I. I. Grandberg, L. B. Dmitriev, V. I. Sorokin, and Yu. N. Larshin, Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin., No. 5, 620 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  116. S. Blechert, Tetrahedron Lett.,25, 1547 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  117. S. Blechert, Helv. Chim. Acta,68, 1835 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  118. P. Martin, Helv. Chim. Acta,67, 1647 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  119. R. M. Coates and I. M. Said, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,99, 2355 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  120. R. M. Coates and C. W. Hutchings, J. Org. Chem.,44, 4742 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  121. J.-B. Baudin and S. A. Julia, Tetrahedron Lett.,27, 837 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  122. J.-B. Baudin, M. Bekhazi, S. A. Julia, O. Ruel, R. L. P. de Jong, and L. Brandsma, Synthesis, No. 10, 956 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 867–880, July, 1988.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Przheval'skii, N.M., Kostromina, L.Y. & Grandberg, I.I. New data on the mechanism of the Fischer indole synthesis (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd 24, 709–721 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00633160

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00633160

Keywords

Navigation