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Minority workers or minority human beings? A European dilemma

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Abstract

“European” identities may be politonymic, toponymic, ethnomyic or linguonymic (Bromley 1984). Each dimension may affect whether migrant minorities are treated as “European”, and influence their schooling, integration and rights. Treatment and terminology vary in different states and periods of migration. However, the position for immigrated minorities is that they are still largely seen as workers rather than human beings with equal rights. Lack of success in schools is blamed on the migrants themselves rather than the educational system. This construction of migrants as being deficient is parallel to educational practice which falls within a UN definition of linguistic genocide, and contributes to mis-education. If current efforts in international bodies to codify educational linguistic human rights were to lead to greater support for minorities, this could assist in a redefinition of national identities and a reduction of racism and conflict.

Zusammenfassung

“Europäische” Identitäten können “politonym,” “toponym,” “ethnonym” oder “linguonym” sein (Bromely 1984). Jede Gruppe kann darauf Einfluß haben, ob Migrantenminderheiten als “Europäer” behandelt werden und Schulwesen, Integration und Rechte respektiert werden. Noch werden immigrierte Minderheiten jedoch weitgehend als Arbeiter und nicht als Menschen mit gleichen Rechten angesehen. Schulische Mißerfolge werden eher ihnen selbst als dem Bildungssystem angelastet. Diese Darstellung von Migranten als defizitär entspricht derjenigen Handlungsweise im Bildungsbereich, welche unter die Kategorie des “linguistischen Genozids” definiert wird und welche zu einer “mis-education” beiträgt. Wenn gegenwärtige Bemühungen internationaler Gremien um die Kodifizierung der Rechte der Menschen auf ihre Sprache Minderheiten unterstützen, könnte dies zu einer Umdefinition nationaler Identitäten und einer Reduzierung von Rassismus und Konflikten führen.

Résumé

Les identités européennes peuvent être “politonymiques,” “toponymiques,” “ethnonymiques” ou “linguonymiques” (Bromley 1984). Selon leurs affinités avec chacun de ces domaines, les personnes appartenant aux minorités migrantes sont considérées ou non comme européennes, et cela influence leur scolarité, leur intégration et leurs droits. La façon dont ces personnes sont traitées et la terminologie évoluent selon les différentes étapes et périodes de migration. Mais le plus souvent, les minorités immigrantes sont encore davantage considérées comme des travailleurs que comme des personnes bénéficiant des mêmes droits. Les échecs scolaires sont mis sur le compte des migrants eux-mêmes et non sur celui du système éducatif. Le fait que l'on considère les migrants comme inférieurs se reflète dans une pratique éducative que les Nations Unies appellent “génocide linguistique” et se traduit par une éducation inadéquate. Si les efforts actuels de la part des institutions internationales pour codifier les droits de l'homme en matière de pédagogie linguistique apportaient un plus grand soutien aux minorités, cela contribuerait à donner une rédéfinition des identités nationales et à réduire le racisme et les conflits.

Resumen

Las identidades de los Europeos pueden ser “politonímicas”, “toponímicas”, “etnomímicas” o “linguonímicas” (Bromley 1984). Cada una de estas dimensiones puede influir en que minorías de inmigrantes scan tratadas de “Europeos” y con ello en su educación escolar, en su integración y en sus derechos. El tratamiento y la terminología varían conforme a los períodos y las circunstancias de la inmigración. No obstante, la posición que se adopta frente a las minorías inmigrantes es la de considerarlos en gran medida como trabajadores y no tanto como seres humanos de iguales derechos. La falta de éxito en los estudios se atribuye a los inmigrantes mismos, más que al sistema de educación. Esta consideración de los inmigrantes como inferiores es paralela a una práctica de la educación que cae bajo una definición de la Naciones Unidas de genocidio lingüístico y contribuye a la educación deficiente. Si los esfuerzos actuales que las organizaciones internacionales ponen en codificar los derechos humanos lingüísticos de la educación estuvieran destinados a brindar un mayor apoyo a las minorías, esto podría ayudar a definir con mayor precisión las identidades nacionales y a reducir el racismo y los conflictos.

Реэюме

“Европейская” самобытность может быть определена В терминах политики, этническои принадлежности и языка. Каждое из этих измерений может влиять на то, рассматриваются ли мигрирующие меньшинства как “европейцы”, а также на их учебные достижения, интеграцю и права. И обращение с ними, и терминология варьируются в раэличных государствах и в раэличные периоды миграции. Однако положение мигрирующих меньшинств состоит в том, что они рассматриваются скорее как работники, а не как человеческие существа с равными правами. Слабые учебные достижения рассматриваются как вина самих мигрантов, а не системы обраэования. Если предпринимаемые сейчсс усилия международных организаций кодифицировать образовательно-л ингвистические права человека приведут к большей поддержке меньшинств, это поможет более точному определению национальной принадлежности и уменьщит проявления расизма и конфликтов.

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Skutnabb-Kangas, T., Phillipson, R. Minority workers or minority human beings? A European dilemma. Int Rev Educ 42, 291–307 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00601093

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