Skip to main content
Log in

The changing pattern of higher education in England and Wales — The end of an era?

  • Articles
  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

During the past twenty years great changes have taken place in British higher education. During the 1980s these changes have been even more noticeable, so that by the middle of the 1990s the pattern and the ethos of British higher education will be very different from that prevailing in the 1970s. Not only have there been structural changes but there have also been concerns about autonomy and freedom, accountability and appraisal in the face of government demands for improved management efficiency, restrictions on tenure and alternative forms of finance. This paper analyses these changes in universities, polytechnics and teacher education colleges and traces the growing intervention on the part of government. It also seeks to draw out implications for other education systems facing the same pressures. A glossary of abbreviations and acronyms appears on p. 301.

Zusammenfassung

Während der vergangenen zwanzig Jahre gab es in der britischen Hochschulbildung große Veränderungen. Im Laufe der 80er Jahre sind diese Veränderungen besonders deutlich geworden, und bis zur Mitte der 90er Jahre werden sich die Struktur und das Ethos der britischen Hochschulbildung von den in den 70er Jahren vorherrschenden stark unterscheiden. Es hat nicht nur strukturelle Veränderungen gegeben, sondern auch besorgte Überlegungen zu Fragen der Autonomie und Freiheit, Verantwortlichkeit und Beurteilung angesichts der Forderungen seitens der Regierung nach verbesserter Wirtschaftlichkeit der Verwaltung, Begrenzung der Amtszeiten und alternativen Finanzierungsformen. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden diese Veränderungen an Universitäten, Technischen Hochschulen und Pädagogischen Hochschulen analysiert, und es wird den zunehmenden Eingriffen durch die Regierung nachgegangen. Darüberhinaus wird versucht, Auswirkungen auf andere Bildungssysteme aufzuzeigen, die mit denselben Zwängen konfrontiert sind. Ein Glossar der Abkürzungen und Akronyme erscheint auf S. 301.

Résumé

Au cours des vingt dernières années, de grands changements sont intervenus dans l'enseignement supérieur en Grande Bretagne. Ces changements sont devenus encore plus sensibles durant les années 1980, si bien que, vers le milieu des années 1990, la structure et l'éthos de l'enseignement supérieur britannique seront très différents de ceux qui prévalaient dans les années 1970. Non seulement il y a eu des changements structuraux, mais on s'est également préoccupé d'autonomie et de liberté, de responsabilité et d'appréciation en dépit des exigences gouvernementales à l'égard d'une gestion plus efficace, d'une réduction de la période d'exercice des fonctions, et de nouvelles formes de financement. Le présent article analyse ces changements dans les universités, les collèges polytechniques et les écoles normales et décrit le rôle grandissant de l'Etat. Il s'efforce également d'en dégager les leçons pour d'autres systèmes éducatifs qui font face aux même pressions. Un glossaire d'abbréviations et d'acronymes apparaît à la page 301.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CATE:

Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education

CHEs:

Colleges of Higher Education

CNAA:

Council for National Academic Awards

CVCP:

Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals

DES:

Department of Education and Science (equivalent to a Ministry of Education)

HMI:

Her Majesty's Inspectorate

HMSO:

Her Majesty's Stationery Office

INSET:

Inservice Education for Teachers

LEA:

Local Education Authority

NAB:

National Advisory Board for Public Sector Higher Education

PCFC:

Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council

PDEs:

Polytechnic Departments of Education

PGCE:

Postgraduate Certificate in Education

PICKUP:

Professional, Industrial and Commercial Updating Programme

PSHE:

Public Sector Higher Education (i.e., all higher education not under university control)

UCET:

Universities Council for the Education of Teachers

UDEs:

University Departments of Education

UFC:

Universities Funding Council

UGC:

University Grants Committee

WAB:

Welsh Advisory Board for Public Sector Higher Education

‘binary divide’:

the separation between universities and polytechnics, etc.

White Paper:

a government document setting out official proposals prior to introducing legislation in parliament

References

  • Alexander, R. and J. Whittaker. 1980.Developments in PGCE Courses. Guildford, Society for Research into Higher Education.

  • Aristotle. 1962.Politics. VIII. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aktinson, G.B.J. 1983.The Economics of Education. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. and N. Grant. 1977.Patterns of Education in the British Isles. London: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bereday, G.Z.F. 1973.Universities for All. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. and M. Atkins. 1986. Academic Staff Training in British Universities. Results of a National Survey.Studies in Higher Education 11(1): 29, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals. 1985.Report of the Steering Committee for Efficiency Studies in Universities under the Chairmanship of Sir Alex Jarratt. London: CVCP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals. 1986.The Future of the Universities. London: CVCP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conservative Party Manifesto. 1987.The Next Moves Forward. London: Conservative Party.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs, P.H. 1968.The World Educational Crisis: A Systems Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs, P.H. 1985.The World Crisis in Education: The View from the Eighties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, W.K. et al. 1979.Changes in the Japanese University: A Comparative Perspective. Eastbourne: Praeger Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Education and Science/HMSO (1973) — Circular 7/73,The Development of Higher Education in the Non-University Sector.

  • DES. 1966.A plan for Polytechnics and Other Colleges. Cmnd 3006.The Development of Higher Education in the Non-University Sector.

  • --. 1976. In Conjunction with the Advisory Council on the Supply and Training of Teachers,Criteria for Restructuring the Teacher Training System.

  • --. 1980.PGCE in the Public Sector.

  • --. 1983a.Teaching Quality.

  • --. 1983b.Teaching in Schools: the Content of Initial Training.

  • --. 1984. Report on Education. No. 100.Demand for Higher Education in Great Britain 1984–2000.

  • --. 1985a.The Development of Higher Education into the 1990s.

  • --. 1985b.Better Schools. Cmnd. 9469.

  • --. 1986.New Local Education Authority Training Grants. Circular 6/86.

  • --. 1987a.Changes in Structure and National Planning for Higher Education Universities Funding Council.

  • --. 1987b.Contracts between the Funding Bodies and Higher Education Institutions.

  • --. 1987c.Changes in Structure and National Planning for Higher Education Polytechnics and Colleges Sector.

  • --. 1988a.National Curriculum: Task Group on Assessment and Testing. A Report.

  • Dent, H.C. 1977.The Training of Teachers in England and Wales 1800–1975. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Policy Information Centre. 1987.Financial Support for Higher Education Students in the European Community. Slough.: NFER/DES.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, K. 1985.The Development and Structure of the English School System. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, G.T. 1972. The Binary Policy in England and Wales,World Yearbook of Education, 1972/73, London: Evans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franks, Lord. 1966.Report of Commission of Inquiry. 2 Vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J. 1977.The Attack on Higher Education: Marxist and Radical Penetration. London: Institute for the Study of Conflict.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemcke, D. 1975. Teacher Supply: A Case of Manpower Planning.Higher Education Review Autumn 1975.

  • Hemcke, D. 1978.Colleges in Crisis: The Reorganisation of Teacher Training 1971–77. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • HMSO 1944.Report of Departmental Committee on Teachers and Youth Leaders. (McNair Report).

  • --. 1956.Technical Education. Cmnd. 9703.

  • --. 1963.Higher Education. Report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins 1961–63. (The Robbins Report) Cmnd. 2154.

  • --. 1966.Higher Education in the Further Education System.

  • --. 1972a.Parliamentary Report: Education.

  • --. 1972b.Teacher Education and Training. (The James Report).

  • --. 1978.Report of the Working Group on the Management of Higher Education in the Maintained Sector. (Oakes Report) Cmnd. 7130.

  • --. 1986.The Government's Expenditure Plans. Cmnd. 56.

  • --. 1987a.Higher Education: Meeting the Challenge. Cmnd. 114.

  • --. 1987b.Review of the University Grants Committee. Report of a Committee under the Chairmanship of Lord Croham.

  • --. 1988a. Education Reform Act 1988.

  • --. 1988b.Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Teaching of English Language (The Kingman Report).

  • Independent. 1987. Universities Face Review of Teacher Training.Independent 9 November, 1987.

  • Joseph, Sir Keith. 1974. The pursuit of truth or relevance?The Times Higher Education Supplement. 15 November, 1974.

  • Kogan, M. and D. Kogan. 1983.The Attack on Higher Education. London: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K.M. 1987.Education in Austerity: Options for Planners. Paris: UNESCO/IIEP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, J. 1979.Education. London: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, N. 1987. Polytechnics and Colleges of Higher Education in England and Wales: The Response to a Challenge. In: H. Röhrs, ed.,Tradition and Reform in the University under an International Perspective, (225–243) Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neave, G. 1976.Patterns of Equality. Slough: NFER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Observer. 1987. Polys rebel against the Town Halls,Observer 15 February 1987.

  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1975.Educational Development Strategy in England and Wales. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1971.Towards New Structures of Post Secondary Education. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1987.Universities Under Scrutiny, Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkin, H.J. 1972.A British University designed for the future: Lancaster World Yearbook of Education 1972/73. London: Evans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. 1987. A View from Oxford of Tradition and Reform of the British University. In: H. Röhrs, ed.,Tradition and Reform of the University under an International Perspective, (157–167). Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Röhrs, H., ed. 1987.Tradition and Reform of the University under an International Perspective. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, P. 1984.The Crisis of the University. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • TES. 1987. Full Time Course Secondment Slump.Times Educational Supplement. 13 November, 1987.

  • Trevelyan, G.M. 1946.English Social History. London: Longmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trow, M. 1979.Elite and Mass Higher Education: American Models and European Realities in National Boards of Universities and Colleges, Stockholm: Research on Higher Education Program.

    Google Scholar 

  • University Grants Committee. 1984.A Strategy for Higher Education into the 1990s.

  • Watson, K. 1982. Comparative Education in British Teacher Education. In: R. Goodings, M. Byram and M. McPartland, eds.,Changing Priorities in Teacher Education. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, K. 1988. The Crisis of Confidence in British Higher Education.Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 34(1): 57–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, G. et al. 1987.Readings in Overseas Student Policy. London: Overseas Students Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.R.C., ed. 1981.The Overseas Student Questions: Studies for Policy. London, Overseas Students Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, H. 1978.Education and Development: From the Age of Innocence to the Age of Scepticism.Comparative Education 14(3) October: 179–198.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Watson, K. The changing pattern of higher education in England and Wales — The end of an era?. Int Rev Educ 35, 283–304 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598943

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598943

Keywords

Navigation