Skip to main content
Log in

Definition, design, utilization. Some problems associated with Integrated Science curricula with special reference to the Project for Science Integration in Ghana

  • Articles
  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The rapid spread of Integrated Science Courses throughout the world should not conceal the difficulties facing teachers in utilizing Integrated Science curricula. These problems derive from lack of precision in definition and give rise to basic tensions between scientific and educational principles in course design. Learning by discovery approaches, applied to the pupil's level of intellectual development, have to bridge the gap between knowledge from everyday experience and an articulated appreciation of the unity of science. The contrasting environments which condition everyday experience complicate the resolution of these problems. Three kinds of ‘dilemma’ in teachers' utilizing of Integrated Science curricula are identified from the evaluation of ‘Project for Science Integration’ in Ghana: (1) how far experience can be incorporated before beginning to sacrifice conceptual unity; (2) how pupils' understanding of the theoretical implications of practical activities can be achieved; and (3) how the varying results of individual pupils' experience can be adapted to the successful teaching of prescribed objectives. These dilemmas exemplify the need for a realistic assessment of the experience of Integrated Science teaching over the last decade, leading to more conceptual precision, a greater awareness of curricular possibilities, and more enlightened decision-making.

Résumé

La rapidité de la diffusion, partout dans le monde, des Cours de Sciences Intégrées ne devrait pas masquer les difficultés qui se présentent aux enseignants utilisant les curricula des sciences intégrées. Ces problèmes découlent d'un manque de précision dans la définition et produisent des tensions fondamentales entre les principes scientifiques et éducationnels dans la conception des cours. L'apprentissage par la découverte, appliqué au niveau du développement intellectuel des élèves, doit combler le fossé entre les connaissances tirées de l'expérience quotidienne et l'appréciation articulée de l'unité des sciences. Les environments bien différents qui conditionnent l'expérience quotidienne compliquent la solution de ces problèmes. L'évaluation du ‘Projet pour l'Intégration des Sciences’ au Ghana permet d'identifier les trois dilemmes dans lesquels sont enfermés les enseignants qui utilisent les curricula des Sciences Intégrées: (1) jusqu'à quel point peut-on incorporer l'expérience avant de commencer à sacrifier l'unité conceptuelle; (2) comment parvenir à ce que les élèves comprennent les incidences théoriques des activités pratiques; (3) comment les résultats différents de l'expérience de chaque élève peuvent-ils être adaptés à l'enseignement fructueux des objectifs inscrits au programme. Ces dilemmes montrent bien la nécessité d'une estimation réaliste de l'expérience de l'enseignement des sciences intégrées au cours de la dernière décennie, pour parvenir à une précision conceptionnelle supérieure, à une prise de conscience plus approfondie et à des décisions plus éclairées.

Zusammenfassung

Die rapide Ausbreitung von integrierten Wissenschaftskursen auf der ganzen Welt sollte nicht über die Schwierigkeiten hinwegtäuschen, denen Lehrer beim Gebrauch von integrierten Wissenschaftscurricula gegenüberstehen. Diese Probleme ergeben sich aus dem Mangel an Präzision in der Definition und verursachen grundlegende Spannungen zwischen den wissenschaftlichen und erzieherischen Prinzipien beim Aufbau der Kurse. Heuristische, auf den intellektuellen Entwicklungsstand des Schülers bezogene Ansätze müssen den Abstand zwischen täglicher Erfahrung und artikulierter Erkennung der Einheit der Wissenschaft überbrücken. Erschwert wird die Lösung dieser Probleme noch durch die verschiedenartige Umwelt, auf der die tägliche Erfahrung beruht. Drei Arten von ‘Dilemma’ beim Gebrauch der integrierten wissenschaftlichen Curricula durch die Lehrer werden aufgrund der Evaluation des ‘Projekts für Wissenschaftsintegration’ identifiziert: (1) inwieweit Erfahrung eingebracht werden kann, ohne der konzeptuellen Einheit zu schaden; (2) wie erreicht werden kann, daß die Schüler die theoretischen Implikationen praktischer Betätigung verstehen; und (3) wie die verschiedenen Ergebnisse der Erfahrung individueller Schüler für erfolgreiches Lehren vorgeschriebener Ziele genutzt werden können. Dieses dreifache Dilemma bezeugt die Notwendigkeit einer realistischen Auswertung der im letzten Jahrzehnut mit integrierten wissenschaftlichen Curricula gemachten Erfahrungen zum Zweck grösserer konzeptueller Präzision, verstärkter Wahrnehmung der Möglichkeiten für Curriculumgestaltung und aufgeklärterer Entscheidungen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, I.K. ‘Project for Science Integration: a progress report’.Journal of the Ghana Association of Science Teachers. 16(1976–7), No. 1, pp. 34–36.

  • Anamuah-Mensah, J., Lutterodt, S.A. and Tufuor, J.K. ‘The evaluation of PSI’.Journal of the Ghana Association of Science Teachers. 16(1976–7), No. 2, pp. 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ausubel, D.P. ‘An evaluation of the Conceptual Schemes approach to science curriculum development’.Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 3(1964), pp. 256–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S.A. ‘A review of the meanings of, and arguments for Integrated Science’.Studies in Science Education. 4(1977), pp. 31–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • d'Arbon, J.A. ‘The Impact of Integrated Science Courses’. Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science (A.N.Z.A.A.S.) Congress, August, 1972. Cited by Haggis (1976–7).

  • Doyle, W. and Ponder, G.A. ‘The practicality ethic in teacher decision-making’.Interchange. 8(1978), No. 3, pp. 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, J. ‘Development hypotheses about classroom’.Interchange. 7(1976/7), No. 2, pp. 2–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, K. ‘Opportunities for International Co-operation in the Dissemination of Integrated Science Education’. Paper presented at the International Conference on Integrated Science Education Worldwide, Nijmegen, 1978. In Reay, J. (ed.)New Trends in Integrated Science Teaching. Vol. V. Paris: Unesco, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • GAST (Ghana Association of Science Teachers).Report of the Workshop on Science Education. Takoradi: Ghana Association of Science Teachers, 1970. (Mimeographed).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass, B. ‘Theory into action — a critique’.The Science Teacher. May, 1965, pp. 29–30 and 82–83.

  • Haggis, S. ‘Trends in the teaching of Integrated Science worldwide’.Journal of the Ghana Association of Science Teachers. 16(1976–7), No. 2, pp. 22–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haggis, S. and Adey, P. ‘A review of Integrated Science Education Worldwide’. In Reay, J. (ed.)New Trends in Integrated Science Teaching. Vol. V. Paris: Unesco, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlen, W.Match and Mismatch: Raising Questions. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. ‘Teacher and Pupil Responses to Integrated Science’. Paper read at a Symposium on Integrated Studies. University of Leeds, 1971.

  • Lockhard, J.D. (ed.)Twenty Years of Science and Mathematics Curriculum Development. College Park, MD: The International Clearinghouse, University of Maryland, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutterodt, S.A. ‘From Curriculum Intention to Classroom Transaction. A Study of the Implementation of an Integrated Science Curriculum by some Secondary Teachers in Ghana’. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, 1977.

  • Lutterodt, S.A. ‘Evaluation in a developing context: constraints on the evaluation of an Integrated Science Course in Ghana’.International Review of Education. 25 (1979), No. 1, pp. 90–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • N.S.T.A. (National Science Teachers Association of America). ‘Conceptual schemes and the processes of Science’.The Science Teacher. October, 1964, pp. 11–13.

  • Pearson, R.E. Private communication, 1976.

  • Pring, R. ‘Curriculum integration’. In Hooper, R. (ed.)The Curriculum: Context, Design and Development. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, P.E. (ed.)New Trends in Integrated Science Teaching. Vol. I. Paris: Unesco, 1971. Cited by Harris (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J.T. ‘Philosophical and historical bases of science teaching’.Review of Educational Research. 39 (1969), pp. 459–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, J.J. ‘The structure of science’. In Ford, A.W. and Pugno, L. (eds.)The Structure of Knowledge and the Curriculum. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • S.E.D. (Scottish Education Department).Science for General Education. (Curriculum Paper, 7.) London and Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taba, H.Curriculum Development: Theory and Practice. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicentini-Missoni, M. ‘Common-sense Knowledge and Scientific Knowledge’. Paper presented at a Symposium on Science Education and the Future. Halifax, 1979.

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lutterodt, S.A. Definition, design, utilization. Some problems associated with Integrated Science curricula with special reference to the Project for Science Integration in Ghana. Int Rev Educ 27, 301–314 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598639

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598639

Keywords

Navigation