Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stress in alkali halide films

  • Papers
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A detailed investigation has been made of the stress in alkali halide films evaporated onto glass, and it has been shown that this can be done satisfactorily by measuring the end deflection of a substrate using a surface probe. Initial difficulties arising from residual stress in the substrates have been largely overcome by carefully annealing the glass. The stress has been derived from the curve of observed deflection, plotted in terms of the force factor, against film thickness.

A survey of the various models for explaining stress has been made and it has been shown that there are at least two, different, stress-producing mechanisms. In the early stages of growth, a misfit model is suggested, in which the oxygen sites in the glass surface act as preferred positions for the metal ions of the halide. The situation is not as clear in thicker films, but either a thermal expansion or a density model could provide a partial explanation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E. J. Mills, Proc. Roy. Soc. 26 (1877) 504.

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. Bouty, Compt. Rend. 88 (1879) 714.

    Google Scholar 

  3. R. W. Hoffman, “Thin Films” (Amer. Soc. Metals, 1964), p. 99.

  4. Idem, “The Use of Thin Films in Physical Investigations” (Academic Press, 1966), p. 261.

  5. D. S. Campbell, “Basic Problems in Thin Film Physics” (Vandenboeck and Ruprecht, 1966), p. 223.

  6. H. F. Turner, “Technical Reports on ‘Thick Thin Films’” (Bausch & Lamb, Rochester, 1951).

    Google Scholar 

  7. O. S. Heavens and S. D. Smith, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 47 (1957) 469.

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. Priest, H. L. Caswell, and Y. Budo, Trans. 9th Nat. Vac. Symp. (1962) 121.

  9. K. Kinosita et al, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 4, Suppl. 1 (1965) 340.

    Google Scholar 

  10. A. E. Ennos, J. Appl. Opt. 5 (1966) 151.

    Google Scholar 

  11. W. M. Philips and F. L. Clifton, Proc. 34th Convention Amer. Electroplaters Soc. (1947) 97.

  12. H. Blackburn and D. S. Campbell, Trans. 8th Nat. Vac. Symp. (1961) 943.

  13. Idem, Phil. Mag. 8 (1963) 823.

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. Kinbara and H. Haraki, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 4 (1965) 243.

    Google Scholar 

  15. T. B. Light and C. N. J. Wagner, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. 3 (1966) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  16. T. B. Rymer, Nuovo Cim. 6 (1957) 294.

    Google Scholar 

  17. G. G. Stoney, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 82 (1909) 172.

    Google Scholar 

  18. A. Brenner and S. Senderoff, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 42 (1949) 105.

    Google Scholar 

  19. N. N. Davidenkov, Sov. Phys. Sol. State 2 (1961) 2595.

    Google Scholar 

  20. R. W. Hoffman, private communication (1965).

  21. T. P. Hoar and D. J. Arrowsmith, conference paper (Institute of Metal Finishing, Brighton, 1957).

    Google Scholar 

  22. G. A. Basset, J. W. Menter, and D. W. Pashley, “Structure and Properties of Thin Films” (Wiley, 1959).

  23. D. S. Campbell, D. J. Stirland, and H. Blackburn, Phil. Mag. 7 (1962) 1099.

    Google Scholar 

  24. D. S. Campbell, Electronics Reliability & Microminiaturisation 2 (1963) 207.

    Google Scholar 

  25. D. Wilcock, private communication (1965).

  26. D. S. Campbell and H. Blackburn, Trans. 7th Nat. Vac. Symp. (1960) 313.

  27. R. W. Hoffman, R. D. Daniels and E. C. Crittenden, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 67 (1954) 499.

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. J. Stirland, Appl. Phys. Letters 8 (1966) 326.

    Google Scholar 

  29. G. A. Bassett and D. W. Pashley, J. Inst. Metals 87 (1959) 449.

    Google Scholar 

  30. C. Weaver, Advances in Physics 11 (1962) 83.

    Google Scholar 

  31. K. Kinosita, H. Kondo, and I. Sawamura, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 15 (1960) 942.

    Google Scholar 

  32. J. H. Van Der Merwe, “Single Crystal Films” (Pergamon, 1964), p. 139.

  33. H. P. Klug and L. E. Alexander, “X-ray Diffraction Procedures” (Wiley, 1962).

  34. L. G. Schulz, J. Chem. Phys. 17 (1949) 1153.

    Google Scholar 

  35. C. W. B. Grigson and D. B. Dove, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. 3 (1966) 120.

    Google Scholar 

  36. W. H. Zachariasen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 54 (1932) 3841.

    Google Scholar 

  37. F. W. C. Boswell, Proc. Phys. Soc. A 64 (1951) 465.

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. S. Halliday, T. B. Rymer, and K. H. R. Wright, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 225 (1954) 548.

    Google Scholar 

  39. T. B. Rymer, and K. H. R. Wright, ibid 215 (1952) 550.

    Google Scholar 

  40. E. G. Mcrae and C. W. Caldwell, Surf. Sci. 2 (1964) 509.

    Google Scholar 

  41. I. Marklund and S. Anderson, ibid 5 (1966) 197.

    Google Scholar 

  42. J. E. Lennard-Jones and B. M. Dent, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 121 (1928) 247.

    Google Scholar 

  43. R. Shuttleworth, Proc. Phys. Soc A 63 (1950) 444.

    Google Scholar 

  44. M. M. Nicolson, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 228 (1955) 490.

    Google Scholar 

  45. G. C. Benson and K. S. Yun, J. Chem. Phys. 42 (1965) 3085.

    Google Scholar 

  46. H. P. Murbach and H. Wilman, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 66 (1953) 905.

    Google Scholar 

  47. H. Wilman, ibid 68 (1955) 474.

    Google Scholar 

  48. R. W. Hoffman and H. S. Storey, J. Appl. Phys. 27 (1956) 193.

    Google Scholar 

  49. G. Gafner, Phil. Mag. 5 (1960) 1041.

    Google Scholar 

  50. G. Günther, “Basic Problems in Thin Film Physics” (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1966), p. 231.

  51. W. Buckel, Proc. Conf. on Thin Layers (Liège, Belgium, 1961) 264.

    Google Scholar 

  52. H. Horikoshi and N. Tamura, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 2 (1963) 328.

    Google Scholar 

  53. A. D. Kirskenbaum et al, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24 (1962) 1287.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Allen Clark Research Centre, The Plessey Co Ltd, Caswell, Towcester, Northants, UK

    R. Carpenter & D. S. Campbell

Authors
  1. R. Carpenter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. S. Campbell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Carpenter, R., Campbell, D.S. Stress in alkali halide films. J Mater Sci 2, 173–183 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00549577

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00549577

Keywords

Search

Navigation