Abstract
A method of determining the valence state of titanium and iron in ceramic materials using the electron energy loss spectroscopy is given. In this method the L 2,3 loss edges of a standard are determined and the unknown valence state is determined by observing its spectrum and comparing it to the established standard.
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Sankararaman, M., Perry, D. Valence determination of titanium and iron using electron energy loss spectroscopy. J Mater Sci 27, 2731–2733 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540697
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540697