Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The determination of the local cerebral glucose utilization with the 2-deoxyglucose method

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Histochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

In the adult mammalian brain, the energy metabolism is almost entirely dependent on glucose. Furthermore, a close relationship between the energy metabolism and the functional activity could be shown. Thus, the functional activity of the brain or parts thereof can be quantified by measuring the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose. Studying in vivo the fate of a radioactive labeled analogue of glucose, the 2-deoxy-d-[1-14C]glucose, and using quantitative autoradiographic techniques, it is possible to estimate the cerebral glucose utilization of every discrete brain region. The advantage of the 2-deoxyglucose method is, that the local cerebral glucose utilization represents a “metabolic encephalography” (Sokoloff 1982).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abraham WC, Delanoy RL, Dunn AJ, Zornetzer SF (1979) Locus coeruleus stimulation decreased deoxyglucose uptake in ipsilateral mouse cerebral cortex. Brain Res 172:387–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander GM, Schwartzman RJ (1984) Quantitative computer analysis of autoradiographs utilizing a charge-coupled device solid-state camera. J Neurosci Methods 12:29–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander GM, Schwartzman RJ, Bell RD, Yu J, RenthalA (1981) Quantitative measurement of local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose utilizing tritiated 2-deoxyglucose. Brain Res 223:59–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander G, Schwartzman RJ, Bell RD, Bertoni JM (1982) Simultaneous autoradiographic quantification of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Neurology 32:A196

    Google Scholar 

  • Altar CA, Walter RJ, Neve KA, Marshall JF (1984) Computer assisted video analysis of (3H)spiroperidol binding autoradiographs. J Neurosci Methods 10:173–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachelard HS (1971) Specificity and kinetic properties of monosaccharide uptake into guinea pig cerebral cortex in vitro. J Neurochem 18:213–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachelard HS, Clark AG, Thompson MF (1971) Cerebral-cortex hexokinase. Elucidation of reaction mechanisms by substrate and dead-end inhibitor kinetic analysis. Biochem J 123:707–715

    Google Scholar 

  • Batipps, M, Miyaoka M, Shinohara M, Sokoloff L, Kennedy C (1981) Comparative rates of local cerebral glucose utilization in the visual system of conscious albino and pigmented rats. Neurology 31:58–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck T, Krieglstein J (1986) The effect of tifluadom and ketazocine on the behaviour dopamine turnover in the basal ganglia and local cerebral glucose utilization of rats. Brain Res 381:327–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck T, Vogg P, Krieglstein J (1986) Effects of the indirect dopaminomimetic diethylpemoline on the local cerebral glucose utilization and local cerebral blood flow in the conscious rat. Eur J Pharmacol 125:437–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson T, Burd G, Greer CA, Landis DMD, Shepherd GM (1985) High resolution 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography in quick-frozenn slabs of neonatal olfactory bulb. Brain Res 339:67–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidder TG (1968) Hexose translocation across the blood-brain interface. Configurational aspects. J Neurochem 15:867–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgstrom L, Norberg K, Siesjö BK (1976) Glucose consumption in rat cerebral cortex in normoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia. Acta Physiol Scand 96:569–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Brainard GC, Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM (1987) Quantitative autoradiographic maps of local cerebral glucose metabolism in awake rats: I. Septal region and anterior hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 259:559–570

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan RM, Hawkins RA, Mans AM, Davis DW, Page RB (1983) Cerebral glucose utilization in awake unstressed rats. Am J Physiol 244:C270-C275

    Google Scholar 

  • Burck HC (1973) Histologische Technik. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe RAJ (1982) An evaluation of X-ray films suitable for autoradiography using 14C-beta-radiation. Int J Appl Radiat Isotop 33:575–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane PD, Braun LC, Corford EM, Cremer JE, Glass JM, Oldendorf WH (1978) Dose-dependent reduction of glucose utilization by pentobarbital in the rat. Stroke 9:12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane PD, Braun LD, Cornford EM, Nyerges AM, Oldendorf WH (1980) Cerebral cortical glucose utilization in the conscious rat: Evidence for a circadian rhythm. J Neurochem 34:1700–1706

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby G, Crane AM, Sokoloff L (1982) Local changes in cerebral glucose utilization during ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 56:437–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham VJ, Cremer JE (1985) Current assumptions behind the use of PET scanning for measuring glucose utilization in brain. Trends Neurosci 8:96–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Dam M, London ED (1984) Glucose utilization in the papez circuit: Effects of oxotremorine and scopolamine. Brain Res 295:137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • DesRosiers MH, Sakurada O, Jehle J, Shinohara M, Kennedy C, Sokoloff L (1978) Functional plasticity in the immature striate cortex of the monkey shown by the (14C)deoxyglucose method. Science 200:447–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan GE, Pilgrim C, Stumpf WE, McCown TJ, Breese GR, Mueller RA (1986) High resolution autoradiographic determination of the topographic distribution of radioactivity in the hippocampal formation after injection of (1–14C)glucose or 2-deoxy(14C)glucose. Neuroscience 17:99–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan GE, Stumpf WE, Pilgrim C (1987) Cerebral metabolic mapping at the cellular level with dry-mount autoradiography of (3H)2-deoxyglucose. Brain Res 401:43–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham D, Woolsey TA (1978) Acute whisker removal reduces neuronal activity in barrels of mouse SmI cortex. J Comp Neurol 178:629–644

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham D, Woolsey TA, Kruger L (1981) Cellular localization of 2-(3H)deoxy-D-glucose from paraffin-embedded brains. J Neurosci 1:519–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliot AC, Heller IH (1957) Metabolism of neurons and glia. In: Richter D (ed) Metabolism of the nervous system. Pergamon Press, London, pp 286–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Faraco-Cantin F, Courville J, Lund JP (1980) Methods of 3H-2-D-deoxyglucose autoradiography on film and fine grain emulsions. Stain Technol 55:247–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Freygang WH, Sokoloff L (1958) Quantitative measurement of regional circulation in the central nervous system by the use of radioactive inert gas. Adv Biol Med Phys 6:263–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallistel CR, Nichols S (1983) Resolution-limiting factors in 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. I. Factors other than diffusion. Brain Res 267:323–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallistel CR, Karreman GA, Reivich M (1977) (14C)2-deoxyglucose uptake marks systems activated by rewarding brain stimulation. Brain Res Bull 2:149–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallistel CR, Pinner CT, Allen TO, Adler NT, Yadin E, Negin M (1982) Computer assisted analysis of 2-DG autoradiographs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 6:409–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg MD, Reivich M (1979) Use of 2-deoxyglucose method of local cerebral glucose utilization in the abnormal brain: Evaluation of the lumped constant during ischemia. Stroke 10:483–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg MD, Busto R, Boothe TE, Campbell JA (1981) A radioisotopic method for the simultaneous quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in small dissected samples. Brain Res 230:165–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjedde A (1982) Calculation of cerebral glucose phosphorylation from brain uptake of glucose analogs in vivo: A re-examination. Brain Res Rev 4:237–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjedde A (1984) On the measurement of glucose in brain: A comment to Sacks et al. (1983). Neurochem Res 9:1667–1671

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjedde A (1987) Does deoxyglucose uptake in the brain reflect energy metabolism? Biochem Pharmacol 36:1853–1861

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjedde A, Caronna JJ, Hindfelt, B, Plum F (1975) Whole-brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the rat during nitrous oxide anesthesia. Am J Physiol 229:113–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg L, Courville J, Lund JP, Kauer S (1980) Increased uptake of (3H)glucose and (14C)deoxyglucose in localized-regions of the brain during stimulation of motor cortex. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 58:1086–1091

    Google Scholar 

  • Goochee CH, Rasband W, Sokoloff L (1980) Computerized densitometry and color coding of 14C-deoxyglucose autoradiographs. Ann Neurol 4:359–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg JH, Reivich M (1983) Autoradiographic determination of local cerebral glucose metabolism: Physiological and pathological studies. Adv Metab Disorders 10:67–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Grome JJ, Harper AM (1986) Local cerebral glucose utilization following indoleamine-and piperazine-containing 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists. J Neurochem 46:117–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Grünwald F, Schröck H, Kuschinsky W (1987) The effect of an acute nicotine infusion on the local cerebral glucose utilization of the awake rat. Brain Res 400:232–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer RP, Herkenham M (1984) Tritiated 2-deoxy-D-glucose: A high-resolution marker for autoradiographic localization of brain metabolism. J Comp Neurol 222:128–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Hand PJ (1981) The 2-deoxyglucose method. In: Heimer L, RoBards MJ (eds) Neuroanatomical tract tracing methods. Plenum Press, New York London, pp 511–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Hand PJ, Greenberg JH, Goochee C, Sylvestro A, Weller L, Reivich M (1979) A normal and developmentally altered cortical column: A laminar analysis of local glucose utilization with natural stimulation of a single receptor organ. Acta Neurol Scand 60 (Suppl 72):46–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins RA (1980) Glucose utilization determined in vivo with (2–14C)glucose. In: Passoneau JV, Hawkins RA, Lust WD, Welsh FA (eds) Cerebral metabolism and neural function. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 367–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins RA, Miller AL (1978) Loss of radioactive 2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate from brains of conscious rats: implications for quantitative autoradiographic determination of regional glucose utilization. Neuroscience 3:251–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins RA, Miller AL, Cremer JE, Veech RL (1974) Measurement of rate of glucose utilization by rat brain in vivo. J Neurochem 23:917–923

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins R, Phelps ME, Huang SC, Kuhl DE (1981) Effect of ischemia on the quantification of the local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:37–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Hers HG, DeDuve C (1950) Le systeme hexose-phosphatasique. II. Repartition de l'activite glucose-6-phosphatasique dans les tissus. Bull Soc Chim Biol 32:20–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt T, Smith CB, Peters A, Norell G, Crane A, Brownstein M, Sokoloff L (1983) Improved resolution of the 2-deoxy-D-glucose technique. Brain Res 289:311–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton RW, Meldrun BS, Bachelard HS (1973) Enzymatic and cerebral metabolic effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. J Neurochem 21:507–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosterler KY, Landau BR (1967) Estimation of pentose phosphate contribution to glucose metabolism in tissue in vivo. Biochemistry 6:2961–2977

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang MT, Veech RL (1985) Metabolic fluxes between [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose and [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate in brain in vivo. J Neurochem 44:567–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (1977) Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex. Proc R Soc London B 198:1–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubel DH, Wiesel TN, Stryker MP (1978) Anatomical demonstration of orientation columns in macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 177:361–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungerbühler JP, Saunders JC, Greenberg JH, Reivich M (1981) Functional neuroanatomy of the auditory cortex studied with (2–14C)deoxyglucose. Exp Neurol 71:104–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingvar M, Siesjö BK (1982) Effect of nitrous oxide on local cerebral glucose utilization in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:481–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones SC, Lear JL, Greenberg JH, Reivich M (1979) A double tracer autoradiographic technique for the quantitative measure of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism. Acta Neurol Scand 60 (Suppl 72):202–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnovsky ML, Roots L (1964) A “direct-coloring” thiocholin method for choline esterase. J Histochem Cytochem 12:219–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly PAT, McCulloch J (1983a) A potential error in modifications of the 14C-2-deoxyglucose technique. Brain Res 260:172–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly PAT, McCulloch J (1983b) A critical appraisal of semi-quantitative analysis of 2-deoxyglucose autoradiograms. Brain Res 269:165–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly PAT, Graham DI, McCulloch J (1982) Specific alterations in local cerebral glucose utilization following striatal lesions. Brain Res 233:157–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy C (1983) Changes in glucose utilization in relation to activity in the central nervous system. In: Jasper HH, Vangelder NM (eds) Basis mechanisms of neuronal hyperexcitability. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 399–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy C, DesRosiers MH, Jehle JW, Reivich M, Sharp F, Sokoloff L (1975) Mapping of functional neuronal pathways by autoradiographic survey of local metabolic rate with (14C)deoxyglucose. Science 187:850–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy C, DesRosiers MH, Sakurada O, Shinohara M, Reivich M, Jehle JW, Sokoloff L (1976) Metabolic mapping of the primary visual system of the monkey by means of the autoradiographic (14C)deoxyglucose technique. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:4230–4234

    Google Scholar 

  • Kety SS, Smith CF (1948) The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: Theory, procedure and normal values. J Clin Invest 27:476–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreuzberg GW, Emmert H (1980) Glucose utilization of motor nuclei during regeneration: A (14C)2-deoxyglucose study. Exp Neurol 70:712–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuschinsky W, Suda S, Sokoloff L (1981) Local cerebral glucose utilization and blood flow during metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 241:H772-H777

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuschinsky W, Suda S, Bünger R, Yaffe S, Sokoloff L (1983) The effect of intravenous norepinephrine on the coupling between glucose utilization and cerebral blood flow in the rat brain. Pflügers Arch 398:134–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuschinsky W, Suda S, Sokoloff L (1985) Influence of y-hydroxybutyrate on the relationship between local cerebral glucose utilization and local cerebral blood flow in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:58–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassen NA (1959) Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev 39:183–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Lear JL, Jones SC, Greenberg JH, Fedora TJ, Reivich M (1981) Use of 123-I and 14-C in a double radionuclide autoradiographic technique for simultaneous measurement of LCBF and LCMRgl: theory and method. Stroke 12:589–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippe WR, Steward O, Rubel EW (1980) The effect of unilateral basilar papilla removal upon nuclei laminaris and magnocellularis of the chick examined with (3H)2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiography. Brain Res 196:43–58

    Google Scholar 

  • London ED, Nespor SM, Ohata M, Rapoport SI (1981) Local cerebral glucose utilization during development and aging of Fischer-344 rats. J Neurochem 37:217–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund JP, Miller JJ, Courville J (1981) (3H)2-deoxy-D-glucose capture in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of ketamine-anesthetized rat. Neurosci Lett 24:149–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Maker HS, Clarke DD, Lathja AL (1972) Intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. In: Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Katzman R, Agranoff BW (eds) Basic neurochemistry. Little Brown, Boston, Massachusetts, pp 273–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Mata M, Fink DJ, Gainer H, Smith CB, Davidsen L, Savaki H, Schwartz WJ, Sokoloff L (1980) Activity-dependent energy metabolism in rat posterior pituitary reflects sodium pump activity. J Neurochem 34:213–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsunami K, Kageyama T, Kubota K (1981) Radioactive 2-deoxy-D-glucose incorporation into the prefrontal and premotor cortex of the monkey performing a forelimb movement. Neurosci Lett 26:37–41

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch J, Kelly PAT (1983) A functional role for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature 304:438–440

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch J, Savaki HE, Sokoloff L (1980) Influence of dopaminergic system on the lateral habenular nucleus of the rat. Brain Res 194:117–124

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch J, Savaki HE, Jehle J, Sokoloff L (1982) Local cerebral glucose utilization in hypothermic and hyperthermic rats. J Neurochem 39:255–258

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch J, Kelly PAT, Uddman R, Edvinsson L (1983) Functional role for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the caudate nucleus: A 2-deoxy(14C)glucose investigation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1472–1476

    Google Scholar 

  • Mies G, Niebuhr I, Hossmann KA (1981) Simultaneous measurement of blood flow and glucose metabolism by autoradiographic techniques. Stroke 12:581–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Mies G, Bodsch W, Paschen W, Hossmann KA (1986) Tripletracer autoradiography of cerebral blood flow, glucose utilization, and protein synthesis in rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:59–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Monmaur P, Orsini JC, Delacour J (1982) Radioautographic analysis of (14C)2-deoxyglucose uptake in hippocampal formation of the rat during physiostigmine-induced theta. Neurosci Lett 28:229–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson T, Kaufman E, Sokoloff L (1984) 2-deoxyglucose incorporation into rat brain glycogen during measurement of the local cerebral glucose utilization by the 2-deoxyglucose method. J Neurochem 43:949–956

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson T, Lucignani G, Goochee J, Crane AM, Sokoloff L (1986) Invalidity of criticism of the deoxyglucose method based on alleged glucose-6-phosphatase activity in brain. J Neurochem 46:905–919

    Google Scholar 

  • Nudo RJ, Masterton RB (1986) Stimulation-induced (14C)2-deoxyglucose labeling of synaptic activity in the central auditory system. J Comp Neurol 245:553–565

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldendorf WH (1971) Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines and hexoses after arterial injection. Am J Physiol 221:1629–1638

    Google Scholar 

  • Orzi F, Kennedy C, Jehle J, Sokoloff L (1983) Measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization with 2-(3H)deoxyglucose in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3 (Suppl 1): S77-S78

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardrige WM, Crane PD, Mietus LJ, Oldendorf WH (1982) Nomogram for 2-deoxyglucose lumped constant for rat brain cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:197–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Paxinos G, Watson C (1982) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pazdernik VH, Cross RS, Meves K, Samson F, Nelson SR (1982) Superior colliculus activation by retinal nicotinic ganglion cells: A 2-deoxyglucose study. Brain Res 243:197–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Piepmeier JM, Kauer JS, Greer CA (1983) Laminar distribution of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the rat spinal cord following electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Brain Res 259:167–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilgrim C, Stumpf W (1987) Applications of autoradiography in neurobiological research. J Histochem Cytochem 35:917–928

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilgrim C, Wagner HJ (1981) Improving the resolution of the 2-deoxy-D-glucose method. J Histochem Cytochem 29:190–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Plum F, Gjedde A, Samson FE (1976) Neuroanatomical functional mapping by the radioactive 2-deoxy-D-glucose method. Neurosci Res Bull 14:459–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasannan KG, Subrahmanyam K (1968) Effect of insulin on the synthesis of glycogen in cerebral cortical slices of alloxan diabetic rats. Endocrinology 82:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Prohansky E, Kauer JS, Steward WB, Egger MD (1980) 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the cat spinal cord during sustained and habituated activity in the plantar cushion reflex pathway. J Comp Neurol 194:505–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Raggi F, Kronfeld DS, Kleiber M (1960) Glucose-6-phosphatase activity in various sheep tissue. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105:485–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramm P, Kulick JH, Stryker MP, Frost BJ (1984) Video and scanning microdensitometer-based imaging systems in autoradiographic densitometry. J Neurosci Methods 11:89–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinstein DK, Isaacson RL, Dunn AJ (1979) Regional changes in 2-deoxyglucose uptake after neocortical and hippocampal destruction. Brain Res 175:393–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Reivich M, Jehle J, Sokoloff L, Kety SS (1969) Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with antipyrine-[14C] in awake cats. J Appl Physiol 27:296–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts WW (1980) (14C)deoxyglucose mapping of first-order projections by stimulation of lateral hypothalamic sites eliciting gnawing, eating, and drinking in rats. J Comp Neurol 194:617–638

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross DA, Glick DA, Merbach RC (1982) Sexually dimorphic cerebral asymmetries in 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake during postnatal development of the rat: Correlations with age and relative brain activity. Brain Res 255:341–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan AF, Sharp FR (1982) Localization of (3H)2-deoxyglucose at the cellular level using freeze-dried tissue and dry-looped emulsion. Brain Res 252:177–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks W (1983) Cerebral metabolism in vivo. In: Lajtha A (ed) Handbook of neurochemistry, vol 3. Plenum Press, New York, pp 259–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks W, Sacks S, Fleischer A (1983) A comparison of the cerebral uptake and metabolism of labeled glucose and deoxyglucose in vivo in rats. Neurochem Res 8:661–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakurada O, Kennedy C, Jehle J, Brown JD, Carbin GL, Sokoloff L (1978) Measurement of local cerebral blood flow with the iodo(14C)antipyrine. Am J Physiol 234:H59-H66

    Google Scholar 

  • Savaki HE, Davidsen L, Smith C, Sokoloff L (1980) Measurement of free glucose turnover in the brain. J Neurochem 35:495–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Savaki HE, Kadekarom M, McCulloch J, Sokoloff L (1982) The central noradrenergic system in the rat: Metabolic mapping with alpha-adrenergic blocking agents. Brain Res 234:65–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Savaki HE, Desban M, Glowinski J, Besson MJ (1983a) Local cerebral glucose consumption in the rat. I. Effects of halothane anesthesia. J Comp Neurol 213:36–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Savaki HE, Desban M, Glowinski J, Besson MJ (1983b) Local cerebral glucose consumption in the rat. II. Effect of unilateral substantia nigra stimulation in conscious and halothane-anesthetized animals. J Comp Neurol 213:46–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Schim J, Lyden P, Sharp FR (1981) Increased subcortical and laminar cortical 2-deoxy(14C)glucose uptake during cerebellar stimulation. Exp Neurol 74:499–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoppmann A, Stryker MP (1981) Physiological evidence that the 2-deoxyglucose method reveals orientation columns in cat visual cortex. Nature 293:574–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuier F, Orzi F, Suda S, Kennedy C, Sokoloff L (1981) The lumped constant for the [14C]deoxyglucose method in hyperglycemic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1 (Suppl 1):S63-S64

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz WJ, Gainer H (1977) Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Use of 14C-labeled deoxyglucose uptake as a functional marker. Science 197:1089–1091

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz WJ, Sharp FR (1978) Autoradiographic maps of regional glucose consumption in resting awake rats using (14)2-deoxyglucose. J Comp Neurol 177:335–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz WJ, Smith CB, Davidsen L, Savaki H, Sokoloff L, Mata M, Fink DJ, Gainer H (1979) Metabolic mapping of functional activity in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. Science 205:723–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Sejnowski TJ, Reingold SC, Kelly DB, Gelperin A (1980) Localization of (3H)-2-deoxyglucose in single molluscan neurons. Nature 287:449–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Serviere J, Webster WR (1981) A combined electrophysiological and (14C)2-deoxyglucose study of the frequency organization of the inferior colliculus of the cat. Neurosci Lett 27:113–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro HM, Greenberg JH, Reivich M, Ashmead G, Sokoloff L (1978) Local cerebral glucose uptake in awake and halothane anesthetized primates. Anesthesiology 48:97–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp FR (1976) Relative cerebral glucose uptake of neuronal perikarya and neuropil determined with 2-deoxyglucose in resting and swimming rats. Brain Res 110:127–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp FR (1984) Regional (14C)2-deoxyglucose uptake during forelimb movements evoked by rat motor cortex stimulation: Cortex, diencephalon, midbrain. J Comp Neurol 224:259–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp FR, Kilduff TS (1981) The 2-deoxyglucose neuroanatomical mapping technique. Trends Neurosci 4:144–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp FR, Kauer JS, Shepherd GM (1975) Local sites of activity-related glucose metabolism in rat olfactory bulb during olfactory stimulation. Brain Res 98:596–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp FR, Kilduff TS, Bzorgchami S, Heller HC, Ryan AF (1983) The relationship of the local cerebral glucose utilization to optical density ratios. Brain Res 263:97–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Siesjö B (1978) Brain energy metabolism. John Wiley, New York, pp 107–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer P, Mchler S (1980) 2-deoxy(14C)glucose uptake in the rat hypoglossal nucleus after nerve transsection. Exp Neurol 69:617–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeen LC (1977) Odor-induced pattern of deoxyglucose consumption in the olfactory bulb of the tree shrew Tupaia glis. Brain Res 124:147–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith CB, Goochee C, Rapoport SI, Sokoloff L (1980) Effects of aging on the local rates of cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Brain 103:351–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1977) Relation between physiological function and energy metabolism in the central nervous system. J Neurochem 29:13–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1979) Mapping of local cerebral functional activity by measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization with (14C)-deoxyglucose. Brain 102:653–668

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1980) The (14C)deoxyglucose method for the quantitative determination of local cerebral glucose utilization: theoretical and practical considerations. In: Passonneau J, Hawkins RA, Lust WD, Welsh FA (eds) Cerebral metabolism and neural function. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 319–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1981a) Relationship among local functional activity, energy metabolism, and blood flow in the central nervous system. Fed Proc 40:2311–2316

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1981b) The deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization and mapping of local functional activity in the central nervous system. Int Rev Neurobiol 22:287–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1981c) Localization of functional activity in the central nervous system by measurement of glucose utilization with radioactive deoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:7–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1982) The radioactive deoxyglucose method: Theory, procedure, and application for the local cerebral glucose utilization in the central nervous system. Adv Neurochem 4:1–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L (1983) Measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in the central nervous system and its relationship to local functional activity. In: Lajtha A (ed) Handbook of neurochemistry, 2nd edn, vol 3. Plenum Press, New York, pp 225–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, DesRosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, Sakurada O, Shinohara M (1977) The (14C)deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 28:897–917

    Google Scholar 

  • Sols A, Crane RK (1954) Substrate specificity of brain hexokinase. J Biol Chem 210:581–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Steward O, Smith LK (1980) Metabolic changes accompanying denervation and reinnervation of the dentate gyrus of the rat measured by the (3H)2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Exp Neurol 69:513–527

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart WB, Kauer JS, Shepherd GM (1979) Functional organization of rat olfactory bulb analyzed by the 2-deoxyglucose method. J Comp Neurol 185:715–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Theurich M, Müller CW, Scheich H (1984) 2-deoxyglucose accumulation parallels extracellularly recorded spike activity in the avian auditory system. Brain Res 322:157–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Toga AW, Collins RC (1981) Metabolic response of optic centers to visual stimuli in the albino rat: Anatomical and physiological considerations. J Comp Neurol 199:443–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Tootell RBH, Silberman MS, Switkes E, De Velois RL (1982) Deoxyglucose analysis of retinotopic organization in primate striate cortex. Science 218:902–904

    Google Scholar 

  • Torbati D (1983) Regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose during hyperbaric oxygen-induced convulsions. Brain Res 279:382–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Torbati D, Greenberg J, Lambertsen CJ (1983) Correlation of brain glucose utilization and cortical electrical activity during development of brain oxygen toxicity. Brain Res 262:267–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Torbati D, Lambertsen CJ, Greenberg J (1984) Regional cerebral glucose utilization rates in rats during asymptotic period of exposure to 1, 2, and 3 atmospheres absolute oxygen. Neuroscience 11:947–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Tower DB (1958) The effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on metabolism of slices of cerebral cortex incubated in vitro. J Neurochem 3:185–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner HJ, Pilgrim C, Zwerger H (1979) A system of cells in the unstimulated rat brain characterized by preferential accumulation of (3H)deoxyglucose. Neurosci Lett 15:181–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster WR, Serviere J, Batini C, Laplante S (1978) Autoradiographic demonstration with 2-(14C)deoxyglucose of frequency selectivity in the auditory system of cats under conditions of functional activity. Neurosci Lett 10:43–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger J, Greenberg JH, Waldman MTG, Sylvestro A, Reivich M (1979) The effect of scopolamine on the local cerebral glucose utilization in rat brain. Brain Res 177:337–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Wick AN, Drury DR, Nakada HI, Wolfe JB (1957) Localization of the primary metabolic block produced by 2-deoxyglucose. J Biol Chem 224:963–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Wieraszko A (1982) Changes in the hippocampal slices energy metabolism following stimulation and long-term potentiation of Schaffer collaterals-pyramidal cell synapses tested with the 2-deoxyglucose technique. Brain Res 237:449–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooten GF, Collins RC (1981) Metabolic effects of unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra. J Neurosci 1:285–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Wree A, Zilles K, Schleicher A, Horvath E, Traber J (1987) Effect of the 5-HTlA receptor agonist ipsapirone on the local cerebral glucose utilization of the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 436:283–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Wree A, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Beck T (1988) Local cerebral glucose utilization in the Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus of the rat brain. Histochemistry 88:415–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarowsky P, Kadekaro M, Sokoloff L (1983) Frequency-depending activation of glucose utilization in the superior cervical ganglion by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic trunk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:4179–4183

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilles K (1985) The cerebral cortex of the rat. A stereotaxic atlas. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilles K, Wree A (1985) Cortex: Areal and laminar structure. In: Paxinos G (ed) The rat nervous system, vol 1. Academic Press, New York London, pp 375–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilles K, Schleicher A, Rath M, Glaser T, Traber J (1986) Quantitative autoradiography of transmitter binding sites with an image analyzer. J Neurosci Methods 18:207–220

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anatomisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, D-8700, Würzburg, Germany

    A. Wree

  2. Anatomisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann Strasse 9, D-5000, Köln 41, Germany

    A. Schleicher

Authors
  1. A. Wree
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Schleicher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wree, A., Schleicher, A. The determination of the local cerebral glucose utilization with the 2-deoxyglucose method. Histochemistry 90, 109–121 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00500975

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00500975

Keywords

Search

Navigation