Abstract
Three tobacco cigarettes with known content of nicotine and one lettuce-leaf cigarette were smoked by 24 young habitual smokers, at different times of day and fixed rates of smoking. Changes in various psychophysiological parameters were automatically recorded during the 60 min which followed smoking. Heart rate and forearm blood flow increases were found to be dose dependent, the latter occurring only after smoking at the fast rate and their duration simultaneous to the presence of active nicotine in the organism. Skin vasoconstriction, as measured by decreases in temperature showed itself more reactive to environmental stimuli than to drug effects. Significant increases in skin conductance levels lasting throughout the experimental session occurred immediately after smoking, although not related to drug effects. Diphasic effects of nicotine were, however, obtained with the two largest doses, at different times of day. This finding is discussed in relation to possible “unspecific” nicotine effects upon a preexisting level of “activation”. Nicotine did not influence subjective time estimates. However, a specific pattern of responses occurred. This is discussed in terms of “disruption” of the timing task and a gradual re-organization towards pre-smoking estimates. The value of psychophysiological indices in relation to drugs of habitual use is questioned.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agué, C.: Nicotine content of cigarettes and the smoking habit: Their relevance to subjective ratings of preferences in smokers. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 24, 323–330 (1972)
Agué, C.: Smoking pattern, nicotine intake at different times of day and changes in two cardiovascular variables while smoking cigarettes. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 30, 135–144 (1973a)
Agué, C.: Nicotine and smoking: Effects upon subjective changes in mood. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 30, 323–328 (1973b)
Agué, C.: Urinary catecholamines, flow rate and tobacco smoking. Biol. Psychol. 1, 229–236 (1974)
Armitage, A. K., Milton, A. S.: The release of adrenaline by nicotine from the adrenal medulla. In: Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds, U.S. v. Euler, Ed., pp. 205–212. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1965
Burch, G. E., DePasquale, N. P.: A study of variables which offer difficulty in the evaluation of the peripheral vascular response to cigarette smoking. J. Lab. clin. Med. 58, 694–703 (1961)
Cahoon, R. L.: Physiological arousal and time estimation. Percept. Motor Skills 28, 259–268 (1969)
Clausen, J.: An evaluation of experimental methods of time judgement. J. exp. Psychol. 40, 756–761 (1960)
Coffman, J. D., Javett, S. L.: Blood flow in the human calf during tobacco smoking. Circulation 28, 932–937 (1963)
Domino, E. F.: Discussion, In: Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds. U.S. v. Euler, Ed., p. 165. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1965
Doyle, J.: Importance of dose response in terms of total cigarette smoke, “tar”, and nicotine: Cardiovascular system. In toward a less harmful cigarette. National Cancer Institute Monograph No. 28, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, pp. 43–45 (1968)
Elliot, R., Thysell, R.: A note on smoking and heart rate. Psychophysiology 5, 280–283 (1968)
Emley, G. S., Schuster, C. R., Lucchesi, B. R.: Trends observed in the time estimation of three stimulus intervals within and cross sessions. Percept. Motor Skills 26, 391–398 (1968)
Erwin, C. W.: Cardiac rate responses to cigarette smoking: A study utilizing radio-telemetry. Psychophysiology 8, 75–81 (1971)
Eson, M. E., Kafka, J. S.: Diagnostic implications of a study in time perception. J. gen. Psychol. 46, 169–183 (1952)
Finn, F. D.: Multivariance: Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance, co-variance and regression: a FORTRAN IV program, Version 4. Faculty of Educational Studies, State University of New York at Buffalo (1968)
Frankenhaeuser, M.: Estimation of time: An experimental study. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1959
Frankenhaeuser, M., Myrsten, A. L., Waszak, M., Neri, A., Post, B.: Dosage and time effects of cigarette smoking. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 13, 311–319 (1968)
Frankenhaeuser, M., Myrsten, A. L., Post, B.: Psychophysiological reactions to cigarette smoking. Scand. J. Psychol. 11, 237–245 (1970)
Furey, S. A., Schaaning, J., Spoont, S., Birkhead, N. C.: The comparative effects on circulation of smoking tobacco and lettuce leaf cigarettes. Angiology 18, 218–223 (1967)
Goldstone, S., Boardman, W. K., Lhamon, W. T.: Effect of quinal barbitone, dextroamphetamine and placebo on apparent time. Brit. J. Psychol. 49, 324–328 (1958)
Greenfield, A. D. M., Whithey, A. R. J., Mowbray, J. F.: Methods for the investigation of peripheral blood flow. Brit. med. Bull. 19, 101–109 (1963)
Kerslake, D. McK.: The effect of the application of an arterial occlusion cuff to the wrist on the blood flow in the human forearm. J. Physiol. 108, 451–457 (1949)
Lader, M., Wing, L.: Physiological measures, sedative drugs, and morbid anxiety. London: Oxford University Press 1966
Larson, P. S., Silvette, H.: Tobacco alkaloids and central nervous system functions. In: Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds, U.S. v. Euler, Ed., pp. 101–124. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1965
Mendenhall, W. L.: A study of tobacco smoking. Amer. J. Physiol. 72, 549–557 (1925)
Morrison, C. F., Armitage, A. K.: Effects of nicotine upon the free operant behaviour of rats and spontaneous motor activity of mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142, 269–276 (1967)
Rottenstein, H., Pierce, G., Russ, E., Felder, D., Montgomery, H.: Influences of nicotine on the blood flow of resting skeletal muscle and of the digits in normal subjects. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 90, 102–113 (1960)
Schmitterlöw, C. G., Hansson, E., Andersson, G., Appelgren, L. E., Hoffman, P. C.: Distribution of nicotine in the central nervous system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142, 2–14 (1967)
Simon, D. L., Iglauer, A.: The acute affect of chewing tobacco and smoking in habitual users. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 90, 119–132 (1960)
Venables, P. H., Martin, I.: Skin resistance and skin potential. In: Manual of psycho-physiological methods, P. H. Venables and I. Martin, Eds., pp. 53–102. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1967
Whitney, R. J.: The measurement of volume changes in human limbs. J. Physiol. 121, 1–27 (1953)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was performed at the Department of Psychology. Institute of Psychiatry, London, and supported by the Tobacco Research Council, U.K.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Agué, C. Cardiovascular variables, skin conductance and time estimation: Changes after the administration of small doses of nicotine. Psychopharmacologia 37, 109–125 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437418
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437418