Summary
-
1.
The ultrastructure of frozen etched Nitrobacter winogradskyi cells was examined and compared with thin sections of chemically fixed cells.
-
2.
Frozen etched cells showed two equally thick wall layers interconnected by short strands. This connection was weakened by a chemical prefixation treatment explaining the appearance of an intermediate electron-transparent layer in thin sections of chemically fixed cells.
-
3.
Freeze etching revealed membrane surfaces carrying particles with an approximate diameter of 100 Å. Cytomembranes were also observed and showed a spatial arrangement similar to that described in chemically fixed cells.
-
4.
In frozen etched cells the cytoplasm had an uniform granular appearance. When the cells were chemically prefixed the uniform granularity was disturbed by a partial coagulation of the cytoplasm. The same enclosures were identified in the cytoplasm of frozen etched cells as those reported in chemically fixed cells, i. e. PHB and polyphosphate storage granules.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- PHB:
-
poly-β-hydroxybutyrate storage polymer
References
Clark, A. W., Branton, D.: Fracture faces in frozen outer segments from the guinea pig retina. Z. Zellforsch. 91, 586–603 (1968).
Giesbrecht, P.: Zur Darstellung der DNS von Bakterien und plastischer biologischen Strukturen mit Hilfe der Gefrierätzung. Zbl. Bakt. I. Abt. Orig. 207, 198–221 (1968).
Holt, S. C., Trüper, H. G., Takacs, B. J.: Fine structure of Ectothiorhodospira mobilis Strain 8113 thylakoids. Chemical fixation and freeze etching studies. Arch. Mikrobiol. 62, 111–128 (1968).
Lickfeld, K. G.: Der frostgeätzte Bakterienkern. Ein Beitrag zur Klärung seiner Tertiärstruktur. Z. Zellforsch. 88, 560–564 (1968).
Mahoney, R. P., Edwards, M. R.: Fine structure of Thiobacillus thiooxidans. J. Bact. 92, 487–495 (1966).
Moor, H.: Die Gefrier-Fixation lebender Zellen und ihre Anwendung in der Elektronenmikroskopie. Z. Zellforsch. 62, 546–580 (1964).
— Mühlethaler, K.: Fine structure in frozen etched yeast cells. J. Cell Biol. 17, 609–628 (1963).
Murray, R. G.E., Watson, S. W.: Structure of Nitrosocystis oceanus and comparison with Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. J. Bact. 89, 1594–1609 (1965).
Nanninga, N.: Structural features of mesosomes (chondrioids) of Bacillus subtilis after freeze etching. J. Cell Biol. 39, 251–263 (1968).
Pope, L. M., Hoare, D. S., Smith, A. J.: Ultrastructure of Nitrobacter agilis grown under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. J. Bact. 97, 936–939 (1969).
Remsen, C. C.: Fine structure of the mesosome and nucleoid in frozen etched Bacillus subtilis. Arch. Mikrobiol. 61, 40–47 (1968).
— Lundgren, D. G.: Electron microscopy of the cell envelope of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans prepared by freeze etching and chemical fixation techniques. J. Bact. 92, 1765–1771 (1966).
— Valois, F. W., Watson, S. W.: Fine structure of the cytomembranes of Nitrosocystis oceanus. J. Bact. 94, 422–433 (1967).
Staehelin, A.: Die Ultrastruktur der Zellwand und des Chloroplasten von Chlorella. Z. Naturforsch. 74, 325–350 (1966).
Tsien, H. C., Lambert, R., Laudelout, H.: Fine structure and the localization of the nitrite oxidizing system in Nitrobacter winogradskyi. Antonie v. Leeuwenhoek 34, 438–494 (1968).
— Laudelout, H.: Minimal size of Nitrobacter membrane fragments retaining nitrite oxidizing activity. Arch. Mikrobiol. 61, 280–291 (1968).
Van Droogenbroek, R., Laudelout, H.: Phosphate requirements of the nitrifying bacteria. Antonie v. Leeuwenhoek 33, 287–296 (1967).
Wang, W. S., Lundgren, D. G.: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate in the chemolithotrophic bacterium Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. J. Bact. 97, 947–950 (1969).
Whittenbury, R., McLee, A. G.: Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Rh. viridis, photosynthetic budding bacteria. Arch. Mikrobiol. 59, 324–334 (1967).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
van Gool, A.P., Lambert, R. & Laudelout, H. The fine structure of frozen etched Nitrobacter cells. Archiv. Mikrobiol. 69, 281–293 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00408570
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00408570