Abstract
Caryopses of the frost-resistant cultivar of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., Miranovskaja 808, were germinated and grown in the presence of various concentrations of choline chloride. Changes in the composition of leaf total phospholipids and leaf total fatty acids at two extreme temperatures (25°C and 2°C) as well as changes in frost resistance were followed. A choline chloride concentration-dependent accumulation of phosphatidyl choline was observed in the leaves. Seedlings grown at 2°C accumulated more phosphatidyl choline at each choline chloride concentration than those grown at 25°C. There was an inverse relationship between the contents of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid in the leaves. Neither the temperature nor choline chloride seemed to affect fatty-acid composition. Modification of polar-head group composition of phospholipids affected frost tolerance: Seedlings grown in the presence of 15 mM choline chloride at 25°C exhibited a freezing resistance equal to that of hardened controls. The data indicate that the polar-head group composition of membrane phospholipids in plants can be easily manipulated and point to the importance of phosphatidyl choline in cold adaptation processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Burke, M.J., Gusta, K.V., Quamme, H.A., Weiser, C.J., Li, P.H. (1976) Freezing and injury in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 27, 507–526
Cathey, H.M. (1964) Physiology of growth retarding chemicals. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 15, 271–302
De Gier, J., Mandersloot, J.G., Van Deenen, L.L.M. (1968) Lipid composition and permeability of liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 150, 666–675
De La Roche, I.A. (1978) Development of freezing tolerance in wheat without changes in lipid unsaturation. Acta Hortic. 81, 85–87
De La Roche, I.A., Andrews, J., Pomeroy, M.K., Weinberger, P., Kates, M. (1972) Lipid changes in winter Wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum) at temperatures inducing cold hardiness. Can. J. Bot. 50, 2401–2409
Dennis, D.T., Kuiper, C.D., West, C.A. (1965) An enzymic site of inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis by AMO 1618 and other plant growth retardants. Plant Physiol. 40 948–952
Dexter, S.T., Tottingham, W.E., Graber, L.F. (1932) Investigation of hardiness of plants by measurement of electrical conductivity. Plant Physiol. 7, 63–78
Douglas, T.J., Paleg, L.G. (1974) Plant growth retardants as inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis in tobacco seedlings. Plant Physiol. 54, 238–245
Engelhard, V.H., Esko, J.D., Strom, D.R., Glaser, M. (1976) Modification of adenylate cyclase activity in LM cells by manipulation of the membrane phospholipid composition in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 4482–4486
Folch, J., Lees, M., Sloane-Stanley, G.H. (1975) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509
Glaser, M., Ferguson, K.A., Vagelos, P.R. (1974) Manipulation of the phospholipid composition of tissue culture cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4072–4076
Grunwald, C. (1968) Effect of sterols on the permeability of alcohol treated red beet tissue. Plant Physiol. 43, 484–488
Hirata, F., Axelrod, J. (1978) Enzymatic methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine increases erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Nature (London) 275, 219–220
Horváth, I., Vigh, L., Belea, A., Farkas, T. (1980) Hardiness dependent accumulation of phospholipids in leaves of wheat cultivars. Physiol. Plant. 49, 117–120
Horváth, I., Vigh, L., Belea, A., Farkas, T. (1979) Conversation of phosphatidyl choline to phosphatidic acid in freeze injured rye and wheat cultivars. Physiol. Plant. 45, 57–62
Ilker, R., Warring, A.J., Lyons, J.M., Breidenbach, R.W. (1976) The cytological responses of tomato-seedling cotyledons to chilling and the influence of membrane modifications upon these responses. Protoplasma 90, 229–252
Kahovcova, J., Odavic, R. (1969) A simple method for the quantitative analysis of phospholipids separated by thin layer chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 40, 90–96
Kuiper, P.J.C. (1970) Lipids in alfalfa leaves in relation to cold hardiness. Plant Physiol. 45, 684–686
Kuo, C.G., Pharis, R.P. (1975) Effects of AMO-1618 and B-995 on growth and endogenous gibberellin content of Cupressus arizonica seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 34, 288–292
Kretschmer, G., Beyer, B. (1970) Einfluß von CCC auf die Winterhärte von Weizen. Albrecht Thaer Arch. 14, 93–104
Lockhart, J.A. (1962) Kinetic studies of certain anti-gibberellins. Plant Physiol. 37, 759–764
Manella, C.A., Bonner, W.D., Jr. (1975) Biochemical characteristics of the outer membranes of plant mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 413, 213–225
Mazliak, P. (1977) Glyco- and phospholipids of biomembranes in higher plants. In: Lipids and lipid polymers in higher plants, pp. 48–74 Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Mazur, P. (1969) Freezing injury in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 20, 418–488
Michaelson, D.M., Horwitz, A.F., Klein, M.P. (1974) Head group modulation of membrane fluidity in sonicated phospholipid dispersions. Biochemistry 13, 2605–2612
Michniewicz, N., Kentzer, T. (1965) The increase of frost resistance of tomato plants through application of 2-chlorethyl trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CCC). Experientia 21, 230–231
Ninneman, H., Zeevaart, J.A.D., Kende, H., Lang, A. (1964) The plant growth retardant CCC as inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis in Fusarium monoliforme. Planta 61, 229–235
Op. Den Kamp, J.A., Kauerz, M.T., Van Deenen, L.L.M. (1975) Action of pancreatic phospholipase A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers in different physical states. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 406, 169–177
Parups, E.V., Miller, R.W. (1978) Investigation of effects of plant growth regulators on liposome fluidity and permeability. Physiol. Plant. 42, 415–419
Phillips, M.C., Finer, E.G., Hauser, H. (1972) Differences between conformations of lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine polar groups and their effects on interactions of phospholipid bilayer membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 290, 397–402
Rinne, R.W. (1969) Biosynthesis of fatty acids by a soluble extract from developing soybean cotyledons. Plant Physiol. 44, 89–94
Roberts, D.W.A. (1971) The effect of CCC and gibberellins A3 and A7 on the cold hardiness of Kharkov 22 MC winter wheat. Can. J. Bot. 49, 705–711
Rouser, G., Fleischer, S., Yamamato, A. (1970) Two dimensional thin layer chromatographic separation of polar lipids and determination of phospholipids by phosphorus analysis of spots. Lipids 5, 494–496
Siminovitch, D., Singh, J., De La Roche, I.A. (1975) Studies on membranes in plant cells resistant to extreme freezing. I. Augmentation of phospholipids and membrane substances without changes in unsaturation of fatty acids during hardening of black locust bark. Cryobiology 12, 144–153
Singh, J., De La Roche, I.A., Siminovitch, D. (1975) Membrane augmentation in freezing tolerance of plant cells. Nature (London) 257, 669–670
Thompson, L.W., Zalik, S. (1973) Lipids in rye seedlings in relation to vernalization. Plant Physiol. 52, 268–273
Vigh, L., Horváth, I., Farkas, T., Horváth, L.I., Belea, A. (1979a) Adaptation of membrane fluidity of rye and wheat seedlings according to temperature. Phytochemistry 18, 787–789
Vigh, L., Horváth, L.I., Horváth, I., Dudits, D., Farkas, T. (1979b) Protoplast plasmalemma fluidity of hardened wheats correlates with frost resistance. FEBS Lett 107, 291–294
Warring, A.J., Breidenbach, R.W., Lyons J.M. (1976) In vivo modification of plant membrane phospholipid composition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443, 157–168
Willemot, C. (1975) Stimulation of phospholipid biosynthesis during frost hardening in winter wheat. Plant Physiol. 55, 356–359
Wilemot, C., Hope, J.H., Williams, R.J., Michaud, R. (1977) Changes in fatty acid composition of winter wheat during frost hardening. Cryobiology 14, 87–93
Wunsche, U. (1966) Influence of 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride and gibberellin A3 on frost hardiness of winter wheat. Naturwissenschaften 53, 386–387
Yoshida, S., Sakai, A. (1973) Phospholipid changes associated with the cold hardiness of cortical cells from poplar stem. Plant Cell. Physiol. 14, 353–359
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Horváth, I., Vigh, L. & Farkas, T. The manipulation of polar head group composition of phospholipids in the wheat Miranovskaja 808 affects frost tolerance. Planta 151, 103–108 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387811
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387811