Abstract
Imbedded-fiber retraction (IFR) has been applied to study the compatibility of high polymers. IFR measures the interfacial tension between two immiscible high-viscosity thermoplastic resins in their molten states. Ten nonreactive blend pairs were studied. One blend component was a poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile-co-fumaronitrile) terpolymer resin (S/AN/FN). The other component was one of a set of ten S/AN resins with an AN level between 0 and 51%. These high-molecular-weight resins were particularly challenging for IFR since they were nearly isorefractive, had high melt viscosities (103–105 Pa s), and could chemically age when molten. Interfacial tensions γ12 ranged from 0.00 to 5.5 dyn/cm at 200 °C. Miscible bends had γ12 = 0 and a single T g .Immiscible blends had γ12 > 0 and two T gs. Compatibility was quantitatively assessed from the monotonic rise in γ12 as compatibility decreases. The results demonstrate that IFR can rank the compatibility of high polymers. It is expected that IFR can also rank the compatibility of polymers with similar T g s,and rank the ability of additives to enhance blend compatibility.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anastasiadis SH, Chen JK, Koberstein JT, Sohn JE, Emerson JA (1986) The determination of polymer interfacial tension by drop image processing: comparison of theory and experiment for the pair, poly(dimethylsiloxane)/polybutadiene. Polym Eng Sci 26:1410–1418
Anastasiadis SH, Gancar I, Koberstein JT (1988) Interfacial tension of immiscible polymer blends: temperature and molecular weight dependence. Macromolecules 21:2980–2987
Broseta D, Fredrickson GH, Helfand E, Leibler L (1990) Molecular weight and polydispersity effects at polymerpolymer interfaces. Macromolecules 23:132–139
Carriere CJ, Cohen A, Arends CB (1989) Estimation of interfacial tension using shape evolution of short fibers. J Rheol 33 (5):681–689
Carriere CJ, Cohen A (1991) Evolution of the interfacial tension between high molecular weight polycarbonate and PMMA resins with the imbedded fiber retraction technique. J Rheology 35 (2):205–212
Chappelear DC (1964) Interfacial tension between molten polymers. Polym Preprints 5:363–371
Cohen A, Carriere CJ (1989) Analysis of a retraction mechanism for imbedded polymeric fibers. Rheol Acta 28:223–232
Cohen A, Carriere CJ, Pasztor AJ (1992) Analysis of the coupling between the apparent time scale of thermal degradation and sample size. Polym Sci Eng (in press)
Cotton JP, Decker D, Benoit H, Farnoux B, Higgins J, Jannick G, Ober R, Picot C, des Cloizeaux J (1974) Conformation of polymer chains in the bulk. Macromolecules 7:863–872
Edwards H (1968) Surface tensions of liquid polyisobutylenes. J Appl Polym Sci 12:2213–2224
Elemans PHM, Janssen JMH (1990) Comment on: estimation of interfacial tension using shape evolution of short fibers. J Rheol 34:781–783
Elemans PHM, Janssen JMH, Meijer HEH (1990) The measurement of interfacial tension in polymer/polymer systems: the breaking thread method. J Rheol 34:1311–1325
Ferry JD (1970) Viscoelastic properties of polymers, second ed. John Wiley, New York
Helfand E, Tagami Y (1971 a) Theory of the interface between immiscible polymers. J Polym Sci, Part B 9:741–746
Helfand E, Tagami Y (1971 b) Theory of the interface between immiscible polymers II. J Chem Phys 56:3592–3601
Hobbs SY, Dekkers MEJ, Watkins VH (1988) Effect of interfacial forces on polymer blend morphologies. Polymer 29:1598–1602
Landau LD, Lifshitz EM (1959) Fluid mechanics, vol 6. Pergamon Press, New York, p 227
Martin SJ (1990) Personal communication
Paul DR, Newman S (1978) Polymer blends, vols 1–2. Academic Press
Priddy DB, Pribish JR (1988) personal communication
Roe RJ (1969) Interfacial tension between polymer liquids. J Colloid Interface Sci C 31:228–235
Sakai T (1965) Surface tension of polyethylene melt. Polymer 6:659–661
Scott RL (1949) The thermodynamics of high polymer solutions. IV. Phase equilibria in the ternary systems: polymer-liquid 1-liquid 2. J Chem Phys 17:268–279
Serpe G, Jarrin J, Dawans F (1990) Morphology-processing relationships in polyethylene-polyamide blends. Polym Eng Sci 30:553–565
Taylor GI (1934) The formation of emulsions in definable fields of flow. Proc R Soc (London) 146A:501–523
Taylor GI (1954) The two coefficients of viscosity for an incompressible fluid containing air bubbles. Proc R Soc (London) 226A:34–37
van Krevelen DW (1990) Properties of polymers, correlations with chemical structure. Third edition. Elsevier, New York
van Oene H (1972) Modes of dispersion of viscoelastic fluids in flow. J Coll Inter Sci 40:448–467
Warakomski JM Dion RP (1992) The effect of chemical composition on the miscibility of styrene/acrylonitrile/fumaronitrile terpolymers with styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci (in press)
Wu S (1969) Surface and interfacial tensions of polymer melts I. Polyethylene, polyisobutylene, and polyvinyl acetate. J Colloid Interface Sci C 31:153–161
Wu S (1971) Calculation of interfacial tension in polymer systems. J Polym Sci C 34:19–30
Wu S (1987) Formation of dispersed phase in incompatible polymer blends: interfacial and rheological effects. Polym Eng Sci 27:335–343
Wu S (1990) Chain structure, phase morphology, and toughness relationships in polymer and blends. Polym Eng Sci 30:753–761
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sammler, R.L., Dion, R.P., Carriere, C.J. et al. Compatibility of high polymers probed by interfacial tension. Rheola Acta 31, 554–564 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367010
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367010