Abstract
Six dilute (0.2, 0.5 and 1 at %) binary iron-base alloys with Co, Cr, Al, Si, Mn and Ni were prepared after scavenging inherent carbon with Ti. From tensile and stress relaxation tests in the temperature range of 77 to 450 K, stress-strain behaviours and thermal activation parameters were analysed as functions of solute content and temperature. In the four alloys containing Ni, Mn, Al and Si, solid-solution softening occurs below 250 K while solid-solution hardening occurs above 250 K. In the alloys containing Co or Cr, neither softening nor hardening due to solute additions occurs at any temperature. Detailed analysis of thermal activation parameters leads one to conclude that the solid-solution softening in the above mentioned four alloys is due to a decrease in kink energy with increasing solute content, while in the latter two alloys no change in kink energy occurs. On the other hand, there exists a strong solute concentration dependence of the athermal component, suggesting that the solid-solution hardening is due to the interaction of dislocations with groups of substitutional solute atoms that create lattice and modulus misfits.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. C. Dad and R. J. Arsenault, Scripta Metall. 2 (1968) 495.
R. J. Arsenault Acta Metall 17 (1969) 1291.
S. Takeuchi, Y. Yoshida and T. Taoka, Trans JIM 9 (1968) 715.
R. S. Rawlings and W. A. Newey, Mater Sci. Eng. 4 (1969) 271.
R. L. Smialek, G. L. Webb and T. E. Mitchell, Scripta Metall. 4 (1970) 33.
K. V. Ravi and R. Gibala, Acta Metall. 18 (1970) 623.
S. K. Lahiri and M. E. Fine, Met. Trans, 1 (1970) 1495.
B. C. Peters and A. A. Hendrickson, ibid. 1 (1970) 2271.
W. A. Spitzig and W. C. Leslie, Acta Metall. 19 (1971) 1143.
A. Sato and M. Meshii, ibid. 21 (1973) 753.
S. Sakui, K. Sato and T. Sakai, J. Iron Steel Inst., Jpn. 58 (1972) 47.
H. Suzuki, “Rate Processes in Plastic Deformation of Materials” (American Society for Metals, Reeding, MA 1975) p. 47.
R. L. Fleischer, Acta Metall. 11 (1963) 203.
J. C. M. Li “Dislocation Dynamics” (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968) p. 87.
R. Labusch, Phys. Status Solidi 41 (1970) 659.
S. Takeuchi, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27 (1969) 929.
G. Kostorz, Z. Metallkd. 59 (1968) 941.
D. A. Koss, Met. Trans. 2 (1971) 245.
K. Okazaki, M. Kagawa and Y. Aono, Z. Metallkd. 67 (1976) 47.
A. Seeger, Z. Naturforsch. 9a (1954) 758, 819, 856.
E. Orowan, Proc. Phys. Soc. 52 (1940) 8.
W. G. Johnston and J. J. Gilman, J. Appl. Phys. 30 (1959) 129.
J. C. M. Li, Can. J. Phys. 45 (1967) 493.
K. Okazaki, Y. Aono and M. Kagawa, Acta Metall. 24 (1976) 1121.
J. W. Christian, ibid. 15 (1967) 1257.
H. Conrad and H. Wiedersich, ibid. 8 (1960) 128.
H. Conrad, J. Metals 16 (1964) 582.
Idem, Mater. Sci. Eng. 6 (1970) 265.
R. Labusch, Phys. Status Solidi 41 (1970) 659.
R. Labusch, Acta Metall. 20 (1965) 917.
R. L. Fleischer and W. R. Hibbard, in NPL Conference on the Relation between Structure and Mechanical Properties, Vol. 1 (HMSO, London, 1963) p. 262.
R. L. Fleischer, “The Strengthening of Metals”, edited by D. Peckner (Reinhold Pub. Corp., N.Y., 1964) p. 93.
J. Friedel, “Electron Microscopy and Strength of Crystals”, edited by G. Thomas and J. Washburn (Interscience, N.Y., 1963) p. 605.
F. R. N. Nabarro, Proc. Soc. 58 (1964) 669.
N. F. Mott and F. R. N. Nabarro, Rep. Conf. on Strength of Solids (London Phys. Soc., 1948) 1.
J. Friedel, “Dislocations” (Addison-Wesley, Reeding, Mass, 1964) p. 1052.
J. E. Dorn and S. Rajnak, Trans. AIME 230 (1964) 1052.
R. D. Rawlings and C. W. A. Newey, Mater. Sci. Eng. 4 (1969) 271.
R. L. Smialek, G. L. Webb and T. E. Mitchell, Scripta Metall. 4 (1970) 33.
K. V. Ravi and R. Gibala, Acta Metall. 18 (1970) 623.
C. E. Lacy and M. Gensamer, Trans. ASM 32 (1944) 88.
Y. Nakada and A. S. Keh, Acta Metall. 16 (1968) 903.
B. W. Christ, R. P. Gumble and G. V. Smith, Scripta Metall. 3 (1969) 521.
W. Jolley, Trans AIME 242 (1968) 307.
Idem ibid. 242 (1968) 306.
T. E. Mitchell and R. L. Roffo, Can. Phys. 45 (1967) 1.
R. J. Arsenault, Acta Metall. 15 (1967) 501.
T. Tanaka and S. Watanabe, ibid. 19 (1971) 991.
A. Urakami and M. E. Fine, Scripta Metall. 4 (1970) 667.
G. R. Speich, A. J. Schwoeble and W. C. Leslie, Met. Trans. 3 (1972) 2031.
S. Takeuchi, J. Phys. Soc., Jpn. 27 (1969) 929.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okazaki, K. Solid-solution hardening and softening in binary iron alloys. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 31, 1087–1099 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00352911
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00352911