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Inactivation of electrophilic metabolites by glutathione S-transferases and limitation of the system due to subcellular localization

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Abstract

Benzo(a)pyrene was activated to metabolites mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 by liver microsomes from control and phenobarbital treated mice. Under these conditions benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide accounts for most of the mutagenicity. We have therefore investigated (1) the conjugation of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide with glutathione and (2) the effect of glutathione on the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene.

The spontaneous conjugation occurred only very slowly. The rate of this reaction was slightly augmented by microsomes and very greatly augmented by the cytosol fraction of liver homogenate. With respect to the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene, glutathione had only a weak effect when benzo(a)pyrene was activated by microsomes in the absence of the cytosol fraction. In its presence, however, glutathione was able to strongly reduce the mutagenicity. But this reduction depended on the spatial relationship between microsomes and bacteria. The strongest inactivation was found when bacteria and microsomes were in separate agar layers. In contrast, no inactivation was observed when all the microsomes were in direct contact with the bacteria. When the test was performed according to the Ames procedure the topographical situation was intermediate: some microsomes were adsorbed onto the bacteria and some were free. Accordingly, the effect of glutathione was intermediate. When the premutagen trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene was activated in the presence of the cytosol fraction, glutathione again reduced the mutagenicity, when microsomes and bacteria were separated from each other, but did not reduce the mutagenicity, when all the microsomes were bound to the bacteria.

Obviously in the situation where a direct diffusion within the lipophilic environment from the site of formation to the target bacteria was physically possible the mutagenic metabolites diffused preferentially directly to the bacteria and not through the hydrophilic environment of the medium. Therefore they could not be inactivated by components of the cytosol fraction. This could be of significance also for the situation in the eucaryotic cell, since the endoplasmic reticulum is in direct contact with other cell structures such as the nuclear envelope. Thus, hydrophobic metabolites generated in the endoplasmic reticulum could reach such sites by lateral diffusion within the membranes. The observation that benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide was a very good substrate for the cytosol localized glutathione S-transferase, but that it was not inactivated by this system when bacteria and microsomes were in direct contact, indicates that a severe limitation for the inactivation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites by this enzyme is imposed by its localization in the cytosol.

Zusammenfassung

Benzo(a)pyren wurde mit Lebermikrosomen von Kontrollund von phenobarbitalbehandelten Mäusen zu mutagenen Stoffwechselprodukten umgesetzt. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist Benzo(a)pyren-4,5-oxid weitgehend für die Mutagenität verantwortlich. Es wurde nun einerseits die Konjugation zwischen Benzo(a)pyren-4,5-oxid und Glutathion untersucht und andererseits der Effekt von Glutathion auf die Mutagenität von Benzo(a)pyren.

Benzo(a)pyren-4,5-oxid und Glutathion konjugierten spontan nur langsam, die Konjugation wurde durch Mikrosomen schwach und durch Cytosol-Fraktion äußerst stark beschleunigt. Auf die Mutagenität von Benzo(a)pyren hatte Glutathion geringe Wirkung, wenn die Aktivierung in Abwesenheit von Cytosol-Fraktion erfolgte. Dagegen vermochte es in ihrer Anwesenheit die Mutagenität bedeutend zu vermindern. Bedingung war jedoch, daß der aktive Metabolit durch den Agar zu diffundieren hatte. Wenn nämlich alle Mikrosomen in direktem Kontakt zu den Bakterien standen, bewirkte Glutathion keine signifikante Inaktivierung. Das gleiche wurde auch beobachtet, wenn trans-7,8-Dihydroxy 7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyren in Anwesenheit von Cytosol-Fraktion aktiviert wurde: Reduktion der Mutagenität durch Glutathion wurde gefunden, wenn Mikrosomen und Bakterien voneinander getrennt waren, keine Reduktion, wenn Mikrosomen und Bakterien aneinandergebunden waren. Offenbar diffundierten im letzteren Fall die mutagenen Metabolite größtenteils direkt in die Bakterien, so daß sie durch Komponenten des Cytosols nicht inaktiviert wurden. Trotz hervorragender kinetischer Eigenschaften war also die Effizienz der Glutathion S-Transferase beschränkt, weil sie im Cytosol lokalisiert war.

Da in der eukaryotischen Zelle das endoplasmatische Retikulum, wo reaktive Metabolite im allgemeinen gebildet werden, in direktem Kontakt mit anderen Zellstrukturen wie etwa der Kernmembran steht und da deshalb hydrophobe reaktive Metabolite durch laterale Diffusion in den Membranen zu Wirkungsorten gelangen können, ist für solche hydrophobe Metabolite eine geringe Wirksamkeit von Inaktivierungsmechanismen zu erwarten, die im Cytosol lokalisiert sind.

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Glatt, H., Oesch, F. Inactivation of electrophilic metabolites by glutathione S-transferases and limitation of the system due to subcellular localization. Arch. Toxicol. 39, 87–96 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00343278

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