Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The ecology of Millepora

A review

  • Published:
Coral Reefs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Attention is drawn to the lack of quantitative ecological information on the calcareous hydrozoan Millepora. In spite of their abundance and geological importance on reefs, little attention has been paid to the millepores compared to the dominant corals. The literature on distribution and abundance on reefs is reviewed and attention is drawn to sources of bias in reported estimates of Millepora abundance. Millepora is shown to have many of the same parasites and predators as scleractinians. The sparse data on growth and production are reviewed and compared with that of corals. The physiological and ecological responses of Millepora to storms and other disturbances appear to be similar to those of the scleractinans but the millepores have escaped attack by the starfish Acanthaster and appear to be immune to the common diseases of corals. The morphological similarities and ecological differences between millepores and scleractinians are discussed in terms of life-history strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Refereces

  • Abe N (1937) Ecological survey of Iwayama Bay, Palao. Palao Trop Biol Stat Stud 13:217–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe N (1938) Feeding behaviour and the nematocyst of Fungia and 15 other species of corals. Palao Trop Biol Stat Stud 22:469–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams RD (1968) The leeward reefs of St. Vincent, West Indies. J Geol 76:587–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Adey WH (1975) The algal ridges and coral reefs of St. Croix, their structure and development. Atoll Res Bull 187:1–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Adey WH (1975) Shallow water Holocene bioherms of the Caribbean Sea and West Indies. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:21–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Adey WH (1978) Coral reef morphogenesis: a multi-dimensional model. Science 202:831–837

    Google Scholar 

  • Adey WH, Burke RB (1977) Holocene bioherms of Lesser Antilles-Geological control of development. In: Frost SH, Weiss MP, Saunders JB (eds) Reefs and related carbonates—ecology and sedimentology. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Tulsa 4:67–81

  • Adey WH, Adey PJ, Burke R, Kaufmann L (1977) The Holocene reef system of Eastern Martinique, French West Indies. Atoll Res Bull 218:1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonius A (1981) The “band” disease in coral reefs. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 2:7–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Bak RPM (1975) Ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the Netherlands Antilles. Bijdr Dierk 45:181–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Bak RPM (1977) Coral reefs and their zonation in Netherlands Antilles. In: Frost SH, Weiss MP, Saunders JB (eds) Reefs and related carbonates-ecology and sedimentology. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Tulsa 4:3–16

  • Bak RPM, Engel MS (1979) Distribution, abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community. Mar Biol 54:341–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes J, Bellamy DJ, Jones DJ, Whitton BA (1971) Morphology and ecology of the reef front of Aldabra. Symp Zool Soc London 28:87–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyers RJ (1966) Metabolic similarities between symbiotic coelenterates and aquatic ecosystems. Arch Hydrobiol 62:273–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1948) The species problem in Millepora. Zool Verh Leiden 1:3–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1949a) Notes on the specimens of Millepora in the collection of the British Museum. Zool Soc London Proc 119:661–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1949b) The ampullae of Millepora. K Ned Akad Wet Amsterdam Proc 52:3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1950) Further notes on the ampullae of Millepora. Zool Med Mus Leiden 31:49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1951) Notes on Hydrocorallia. Zool Verh Mus Leiden 13:1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1956) Milleporina and stylasterina. In: Moore CR (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part F. Geol Soc Am pp 90–106

  • Boschma H (1961) Notes on Millepora braziliensis Verrill. K Ned Akad Wet Amsterdam Proc 64C:292–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1962) On milleporine corals from Brazil. K Ned Acad Wet Amsterdam Proc 65C:302–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1966) On new species of Millepora from Mauritius with notes on the specific characters of M. exaesa. K Ned Acad Wet Amsterdam Proc 69C:409–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Brander KM, McLeod AA, Humphreys WF (1971) Comparison of species diversity and ecology of reef-living invertebrates on Aldabra Atoll and at Watamu, Kenya. Symp Zool Soc London 28:397–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown BE, Howard LS (1985) Assessing the effects of “stress” on reef corals. Adv Mar Biol 22:1–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce AJ (1976) Coral reef Caridae and “commensalism”. Micronesica 12:81–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns SD (1982) Stony corals (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa, Scleractinia) of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In: Rützler K, Macintyre IG (eds) The Atlantic reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow cay, Belize I structure and communities. Smithson Contr Mar Sci 12:271–302

  • Clark A (1976) Echinoderms of coral reefs. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, vol III: Biology 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 95–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffroth MA, Peter EC, Lasker HL (1984) Zooxanthellae expulsion among reef coelenterates in Panama. Advances in Marine Science, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami Press, Miami, Fla, pp 23–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Crossland C (1927) The expedition to the South Pacific of the S.Y. “St. George”. Marine ecology and coral formation in the Panama region, the Galapagos and Marquesas Islands, and the atoll of Napuka. Trans R Soc Edinburgh 55:531–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Crossland C (1928) Notes on the ecology of the reef-builders of Tahiti. Proc Zool Soc London 1928:717–735

    Google Scholar 

  • Crossland C (1931) The reduced building power and other variations in the Astrean corals of Tahiti, with a note on Herpetolitha limax and Fungia spp. Proc Zool Soc London 1931:351–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl AL (1973) Surface area in ecological analysis: quantification of benthic coral-reef algae. Mar Biol 23:239–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin CR (1842) The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Smith Elden, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies PJ, Montaggioni L (1985) Reef growth and sea-level change: the environmental signature. Proc 5th Int Coral Reef Symp 3:477–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies PS, Stoddart DR, Sigee DC (1971) Reef forms of Addu Atoll, Maldive Islands. Symp Zool Soc London 28:217–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge RE, Logan A, Antonius A (1982) Quantitative reef assessment studies in Bermuda: A comparison of methods and preliminary results. Bull Mar Sci 32:745–760

    Google Scholar 

  • Done T (1982) Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the Central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reef 1:95–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Done T (1983) Coral zonation: Its nature and significance. In: Barnes DJ (ed) Pespectives on coral reefs. Clouston, Manuka, ACT, Australia, pp 107–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne RP, Brown BE (1979) Some aspects of the ecology of reefs surrounding Anegada, British Virgin Islands. Atoll Res Bull 236:1–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustan P (1985) Community structure of reef-building corals in the Florida Keys: Carysfort Reef, Key Largo and Long Key Reef, Dry Tortugas. Atoll Res Bull 288:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustan P, Halas JC (1987) Changes in the reef-coral community of Carysfort Reef, Key Largo, Florida: 1914–1982. Coral Reefs 6:91–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Endean R (1973) Population explosions of Acanthaster planci and associated destruction of hermatypic corals in the Indo-West Pacific region. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, vol II: Biology 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 389–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Endean R (1976) Destruction and recovery of coral reef communities.in: Jones OA; Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, vol III: Biology 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 215–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenner DP (1988) Some leeward reefs and corals of Cozumel, Mexico. Bull Mar Sci 42:133–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishelson L (1973 a) Ecology of coral reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) influenced by pollution. Oecologia 12:55–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishelson L (1973 b) Ecological and biological phenomena influencing coral species composition on the reef tables at Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea). Mar Biol 19:183–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes HO (1885) A naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. London

  • Frost SH (1977) Cenozoic reef systems of Caribbean-Prospects for paleo ecological synthesis. In: Frost SH, Weiss MP, Saunders JB (eds) Reefs and related carbonates — ecology and sedimentation. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Tulsa 4:93–110

  • Galzin R, Pointier JP (1985) Moorea Island, Society Archipelago. Proc 5th Int Coral Reef Symp 1:73–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner JS (1931) Coral reefs and atolls. Macmillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett P, Smith DL, Wilson AO, Patriquin D (1971) Physiography, ecology and sediments of two Bermuda patch reefs. J Geol 79:647–668

    Google Scholar 

  • Geister J (1975) Riffbau und geologische Entwicklungsgeschichte der Insel San Andres (Westliches Karibisches Meer, Kolumbien). Stuttg Beitr Naturk Ser B 15:203

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (1973) Aspects of the ecology of coral reefs in the western Atlantic region. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, vol II: Biology 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 271–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin MH, Cole MJ, Stewart WE, Zimmermann BL (1976) Species density and associations in Caribbean reef corals. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 24:19–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau TF (1959) The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. I. Species composition and zonation. Ecology 40:67–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau TF (1961) On the relation of calcification to primary productivity in reef building organism. In: Lenhoff HM, Loomis WF (eds) The biology of hydra and of some other coelenterates. University of Miami Press, Miami Fla, pp 269–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau TF (1963) Calcium carbonate deposition by coralline algae and corals in relation to their roles as reef builders. Ann NY Acad Sci 109:27–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau TF, Goreau NI (1959) The physiology of skeleton formation in corals. II. Calcium deposition by hermatypic corals under various conditions in the reef. Biol Bull 117:239–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau TF, Goreau NI (1973) The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs II Geomorphology, zonation and sedimentary phases. Bul Mar Sci 23:399–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadfield MG (1976) Molluscs associated with living tropical corals. Micronesica 12:133–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmelin-Vivien H (1985) Tikehau Atoll, Tuamotu archipelago. Proc 5th Int Coral Reef Symp 1:211–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickson SJ (1891) The medusae of Millepora murrayi and the gonaphores of Allopora and Distichophora. Q J Microsc Sci 32:375–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickson SJ (1898) On the species of the genus Millepora: A preliminary communication. Proc Zool Soc London 1898:246–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiro F (1938) Studies on animals inhabiting coral reefs. II. Cirripeds of the genera Creusia and Pyrgoma. Palao Trop Biol Stat Stud 3:391–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Guldberg O, McCloskey LR, Muscatine L (1987) Expulsion of zooxanthellae by symbiotic cnidarians from the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 5:201–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmeister JE, Multer HG (1968) Geology and origin of the Florida Keys. Geol Soc Am Bull 79:1487–1502

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes RN (1983) Evolutionary ecology of colonial reef-organisms, with particular reference to corals. Biol J Linn Soc 20:39–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyman LH (1940) The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora. McGraw Hill, New York, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaap WC (1979) Observations on zooxanthellae expulsion at Middle Sambo Reef, Florida Keys. Bull Mar Sci 29:414–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Kropp RK (1987) Descriptions of some endolithic habitats for snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) in Micronesia. Bull Mar Sci 41:204–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruijf HAM de (1975) General morphology and behaviour of gastrozoids and dactylozoids in two species of Millepora (Mileporina, Coelenterata). Mar Behav Physiol 3:181–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlmann D (1974) The coral reefs of Cuba. Proc 2nd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:69–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Laborel J (1969 a) Les peuplements de Madreporaires des cotes tropical du Bresil. Annales Univ Abidjan Ser E 3:1–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Laborel J (1969 b) Madreporaires et Hydrocorallaires recifaux des cotes Brasiliennes. Systematique, Ecologie, Departition verticale et geographique. Result Scient Campagne Calypso IX 25:171–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Laboute P (1985) Evaluation of the damage done by the cyclones of 1982–1983 to the outer slopes of Tikehau and Takapoto Atolls (Tuamotu Archipeligo). Proc 5th Int Coral Reef Symp 3:323–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Liddell WD, Ohlhorst SL (1981) Geomorphology and community composition of two adjacent reef areas, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. J Mar Res 39:791–804

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y (1976) Recolonization of Red Sea corals affected by natural catastrophes and man-made perturbations. Ecology 57:278–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y (1978) Plotless and transect methods. In: Stoddart DR, Johannes RE (eds) Coral reefs: research methods. UNESCO, Paris, pp 197–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1980) Effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 3:167–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y, Slobodkin LB (1971) The coral reefs of Eilat (Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea). Symp Zool Soc London 28:117–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Mah AJ; Stearn CW (1986) The effect of Hurricane Allen on the Bellairs fringing reef, Barbados. Coral Reefs 4:169–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Manton SM, Stephenson TA (1935) Ecological surveys of coral reefs. Sci Rep Gt Barrier Reef Exp 3:273–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE (1974a) Reef corals of Fanning Island. Pac Sci 28:247–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE (1974 b) Coral communities on a seaward reef slope, Fanning island. Pac Sci 28:257–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE, Jokiel PL (1986) Reef corals of Johnston Atoll: One of the world's most isolated reefs. Coral Reefs 4:141–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JR (1962) A coral-eating polychaete. Nature 193:598

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey LR, Wethey DS, Porter JW (1978) Measurement and interpretation of photsynthesis and respiration in reef corals. In: Stoddart DR, Johannes RE (eds) Coral reefs: research methods. UNESCO, Paris, pp 379–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergner H (1971) Structure, ecology and zonation of Red Sea reefs (In comparison with south Indian and Jamaican Reefs). Symp Zool Soc London 28:141–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergner H (1972) The influences of several ecological factors on the hydroid growth of some Jamaican coral cays. Proc 1st Int Coral Reef Symp 1:275–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergner H (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp 1:119–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman JD (1973) Caribbean coral reefs. In: Jones AO, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, vol 1: Geology 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Morelock J, Schneidermann N, Bryant WR (1977) Shelf Reefs, Southwestern Puerto Rico. In: Frost SH, Weiss MP, Saunders JB (eds) reefs and related carbonates — ecology and sedimentology. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Tulsa 4:17–25

  • Morton J (1974) The coral reefs of the British Solomon Islands: A comparative study of their composition and ecology. Proc 2nd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:31–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller WEG, Maidloff A, Zohn RK, Muller R (1983) Histoincompatability reactions in the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma. Coral Reefs 1:237–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Neff JM, Anderson JW (1981) Response of marine animals to petroleum and specific petroleum hydrocarbons. Applied Science Publishers, London pp 177–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell ND, Imbrie J, Purdy EG, Thurber DL (1959) Organism communities and bottom facies, Great Bahama Bank. Bull Am Mus nat Hist 117:117–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman WA, Jumars PA, Ross A (1976) Diversity trends in coral-inhabiting barnacles (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatinae). Micronesica 12:69–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum HT, Odum EP (1955) Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll. Ecol Monogr 25:291–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott B (1975) Community patterns on a submerged barrier reef at Barbados, West Indies. Int Rev Ges Hydrobiol 60:719–736

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott B, Lewis JB (1972) The importance of the gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral reef predators. Can J Zool 50:1651–1656

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastorok RA, Bilyard GR (1985) Effects of sewage pollution on coralreef communities. Mar Biol Prog Ser 21:175–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichon M (1971) Comparative study of the main features of some coral reefs of Madagascar, La Reunion and Mauritius. Symp Zool Soc London 28:185–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter JW (1974) Zooplankton feeding by the Caribbean reef-building coral Montastrea cavernosa. Proc 2nd Int Coral Reef Symp 1:111–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsaroop D (1982) A preliminary survey of the coral reefs in Man-o-War Bay, Tobago, J Fld Nat Club Trinidad 1981 92:26–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE (1967) Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud Trop Oceanogr 5:665–847

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymont JEF, Lockwood APM, Hull LE, Swain G (1976) Results of the investigations into the coral reefs and marine parks. Cayman Islands Nat Res Study, part IV B. Ministry of Overseas Development, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts HH (1971) Environments and organic communities of North Sound, Grand Cayman Island BWI. Caribb J Sci 11:67–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts HH (1972) Coral reefs of St. Lucia, West Indies. Caribb J Sci 12:179–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers CS (1979) The effect of shading on coral reef structure and function. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 41:269–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers CS, Suchaneck TH, Pecora FA (1982) Effects of hurricanes David and Frederick (1979) on shallow Acropora palmata reef communities: St. Corix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Bull Mar Sci 32:532–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers CS, Gilroch M, Fitz HC (1983) Monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects: A study of storm damage. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 66:285–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Roos PJ (1971) The shallow-water stony corals of the Netherlands Antilles. Stud Fauna Curacao Caribb Islands 30:1–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen BR (1971) Principal features of the reef coral ecology in shallow water environments of Mahe, Scychelles. Symp Zool Soc London 28:163–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Rützler K, Macintyre IG (1982) The habitat, distribution and community structure of the Barrier Reef complex at Carrie Bow, Belize. In: Rützler K, Macintyre IG (eds) The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize I. Structure and communities. Smithson Contr Mar Sci 12:9–46

  • Sackville Hamilton NR, Schmid, Harper JL (1987) Life-history concepts and the population biology of clonal organisms. Proc R Soc London B 232:35–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvat B, Richard G (1985) Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu archipelago. Proc 5th Int Coral Reef Congr 1:323–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Scatterday JW (1974) Reefs and associated coral assemblages off Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, and their bearing on Pleistocene and Recent reef models. Proc 2nd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:85–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Scatterday JW (1977) Low-water emergence of Caribbean reefs and effect of exposure on coral diversity — Observations off Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. In: Frost SH, Weiss MP, Saunders JB (eds) Reefs and related carbonates — ecology and sedimentology. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Tulsa 4:155–169

  • Scheer G (1972) Investigations of coral reefs in the Maldive Islands with notes on lagoon patch reefs and the method of coral sociology. Proc 1 st Int Coral Reef Symp 1:86–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoffin TP, Stearn CW, Boucher D, Frydl P, Hawkins CM, Hunter G, MacGeachy JK (1980) Calcium carbonate budgets of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados, part II: Erosion, sediments and internal structure. Bull Mar Sci 30:475–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell RBS (1935) Studies on coral and coral formations in Indian waters. Mem Asiat Soc Bengal 9:461–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell RBS (1936) An account of Addu Atoll. Sci Rept John Murray Exped Br Mus (Nat Hist) 1:63–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC (1982) Coral populations on reef slopes and their major controls. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 7:83–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinn E (1963) Spur and groove formation on the Florida reef tract. J Sediment Petrol 33:291–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinn E, Hudson JH, Robbin DM, Lidz B (1981) Spurs and grooves revisited: Construction versus erosion Looe Key Reef, Florida. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 1:475–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires DF (1958) Stony corals from the vicinity of Bimini, Bahamas, British West Indies. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 115:215–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern CW, Riding R (1973) Forms of the hydrozoan Millepora on a Recent coral reef. Lethaia 6:187–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearn CW, Scoffin TP, Martindale W (1977) Calcium carbonate budget of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados, part I: Zonation and productivity. Bull Mar Sci 27:479–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Steneck RS (1986) The ecology of coralline algal crusts: convergent patterns and adaptive strategies. Annu Rev Syst 17:273–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart DR (1969) Ecology and morphology of Recent coral reefs. Biol Rev 44:433–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart DR (1971) Environment and history in Indian Ocean reef morphology. Symp Zool Soc London 28:3–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart DR (1973) Coral reefs of the Indian Ocean. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, vol I: Geology 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 51–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart DR (1974) Post-hurricane changes on the British Honduras reefs: resurvey of 1972. Proc 2nd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:473–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart DR (1985) Hurricane effects on coral reefs. Conclusion. Proc 5th Int Coral Reef Symp 3:349–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Storr JF (1964) Ecology and Oceanography of the coral-reef tracts, Abaco Island, Bahamas. Spec Tap Geol Soc Am 79:1–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Strömgren T (1976) Skeleton growth of the hydrocoral Millepora complanata Lamarck in relation to light. Limnol Oceanogr 21:100–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor JD (1968) Coral reef and associated invertebrate communities (mainly molluscan) around Mahe, Seychelles. Philos Trans R Soc London 254:129–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilmant JT, Schmal GP (1981) A comparative analysis of coral damage on recreationally used reefs within Biscayne National Park, Florida. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 1:187–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomascik T, Sander F (1987) Effects of eutrophication on reef-bulding corals II. Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies. Mar Biol 94:53–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Umbgrove JHF (1928) De koraalriffen in de Baai van Batavia. Wet Meded Dienst Mijnb Ned Oost-India 7:1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN (1978) Deltaic and dissected reefs of the far northern Region. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 284:23–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Vervoot W (1966) Skeletal structure in the Solanderiidae and its bearing on hydroid classification. Symp Zool Soc London 16:373–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincente N (1966) Contribution a l'etude des gasteropodes opisthobranches de la region de Tulear. Rec Trav Stat Mar Edoume-Marseille 5:87–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahle CM (1980) Detection, pursuit, and overgrowth of tropical gorgonids by milleporid Hydrocorals: Perseus and Medusa revisited. Science 299:689–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Weerdt WH de (1981) Transplantation experiments with Caribbean Millepora species (Hydrozoa, coelenterata), including some ecological observations on growth forms. Bijdr Dierk 51:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Weerdt WH de (1984) Taxonomic characters in Caribbean Millepora species (Hydrozoa, Coelenterata). Bijdr Dierk 54:243–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Witman JD (1988) Effects of predation by the fireworm Hermodice carunculata on Milleporid corals. Bull Mar Sci 42:446–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodley JD et al. (1981) Hurricane Allen's impact on Jamaican coral reefs. Science 214:749–755

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonge CM (1930) A year on the Great Barrier Reef. Putnam, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonge CM (1963) The biology of coral reefs. Adv Mar Biol 1:209–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Zankl H, Schroeder JH (1972) Interaction of genetic processes in Holocene reefs off North Eleuthea Island, Bahamas. Geol Rundsch 61:520–541

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., H3A 1B1, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    John B. Lewis

Authors
  1. John B. Lewis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lewis, J.B. The ecology of Millepora . Coral Reefs 8, 99–107 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00338264

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00338264

Keywords

Search

Navigation