Summary
Somite preparations obtained from 10 to 16 day-old mouse embryos contained spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and paravertebral myoblasts. These were explanted into Maximow slide assemblies and maintained for months in culture. Neurons with myelinating axons and contracting striated muscle fibers developed. In the living state, axons were observed to penetrate into areas containing mucle fibers where they appeared to terminate. Silver impregnations, histochemical demonstrations of cholinesterase activity and electron microscopic examinations of thin sections verified the development and differentiation of neuro-muscular synapses in the cultured tissue.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anggard, L., and D. Ottoson: Observations on the functional development of the neuro-muscular apparatus in fetal sheep. Exp. Neurol. 7, 204–304 (1963)
Bennett, H. S., and J. H. Luft: s-Collidine as a basis for buffering fixatives. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 6, 113–114 (1959).
Bornstein, M. B.: Reconstituted rat-tail collagen used as substrate for tissue cultures on coverslips in Maximow slides and roller tubes. Lab. Invest. 7, 134–137 (1958).
-Observations on mouse nerve tissues in culture. NINDB Monog. No 2 Slow, latent and temperate virus infections (D. C. Gajdusek, C. J. Gibbs, JR., and M. Alpers, eds.), p. 177 to 185, 1965.
—, and L. Breitbart: Anatomical studies of mouse embryo spinal cord-skeletal muscle in long-term tissue culture. Anat. Rec. 148, 362 (1964).
—, and M. R. Murray: Serial observations on patterns of growth, myelin formation, maintenance and degeneration in cultures of newborn rat and kitten cerebellum. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 5, 499–504 (1958).
Corner, M. A.: Localization of capacities for functional development in the neural plate of Xenopus laevis. J. comp. Neurol. 123, 243–256 (1964).
—, and S. M. Crain: Spontaneous contractions and bioelectric activity after differentiation in culture of presumptive neuromuscular tissues of the early frog embryo. Experientia (Basel) 21, 1–7 (1964).
Crain, S. M.: Electrophysiological studies of cord-innervated skeletal muscle in long-term tissue cultures of mouse embryo myotomes. Anat. Rec. 148, 273–274 (1964).
—: Development of “organotypic” bioelectric activities in central nervous tissues during maturation in culture. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 9, 1–43 (1966).
—: Development of functional neuromuscular connections between separate explants of fetal mammalian tissues after maturation in culture. Anat. Rec. 160, 466 (1968).
—, and E. R. Peterson: Onset and development of functional interneuronal connections in explants of rat spinal cord-ganglia during maturation in culture. Brain Res. 6, 750–762 (1967).
Csillik, B.: Contributions to the development of the myoneural synapses. Ontogenetic aspects of the subneural apparatus. Z. Zellforsch. 52, 150–162 (1960).
Filogamo, G., and G. Gabella: The development of neuromuscular correlations in vertebrates. Arch. Biol. (Liège) 78, 9–60 (1967).
Gonzalez, A. W.: The prenatal development of behavior in the albino rat. J. comp. Neurol. 55, 395–442 (1932).
Harrison, R. G.: Observations on the living developing nerve fiber. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 4, 140–143 (1907).
Hild, W.: Myelogenesis in cultures of mammalian central nervous tissue. Z. Zellforsch. 46, 71–95 (1957).
Karnovsky, M. J.: The localization of cholinesterase activity in rat cardiac muscle by electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 23, 217–232 (1963).
Kelly, A. M., and S. I. Zacks: Neuromuscular development in intercostal muscle of the foetal and newborn rat. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 27, 109 (1968).
Kupfer, C., and G. B. Koelle: A histochemical study of cholinesterase during formation of the motor end plate of the albino rat. J. exp. Zool. 116, 397–413 (1951).
Lehrer, G. M.: Discussion on “cholinesterases. A. localization.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 144, 660–663 (1967).
Lewis, M. R.: Rhythmical contraction of the skeletal muscle tissue observed in tissue cultures. Amer. J. Physiol. 38, 153 (1915).
Murray, M. R.: Chapt. 8: Muscle 311–372. Chapt. 9: Nervous tissues in vitro 373–455. In: Cells and tissues in culture (E. N. Willmer, ed.). New York: Academic Press 1965.
Peterson, E. R., and S. M. Crain: Re-innervation of denervated mammalian skeletal muscle in vitro. Anat. Rec. 160, 408–409 (1968).
—, and M. R. Murray: Myelin sheath formation in cultures of avian spinal ganglia. Amer. J. Anat. 96, 319–356 (1955).
Sobkowicz, H. M., R. W. Guillery, and M. B. Bornstein: Neuronal organization in long term cultures of the spinal cord of the fetal mouse. J. comp. Neurol 132, 365–395 (1968).
Szepsenwol, J.: A comparison of growth differentiation, activity and action currents of heart and skeletal muscle in tissue culture. Anat. Rec. 95, 125–146 (1946).
—: Electrical excitability and spontaneous activity in explants of skeletal and heart muscle of chick embryos. Anat. Rec. 98, 67–85 (1947).
Venable, J. H., and R. Coggeshall: A simplified lead citrate stain for use in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 25, 407–408 (1965).
Veneroni, G.: Formation de novo and development of neuromuscular junctions in vitro. Anat. Rec. 160, 503 (1968).
Windle, W. F.: The neurofibrillar structure of the spinal cord of cat embryos correlated with the appearance of early somatic movements. J. comp. Neurol. 53, 71–106 (1931).
—: Correlation between the development of local reflexes and reflex arcs in the spinal cord of cat embryos. J. comp. Neurol. 59, 487–509 (1934).
—, and R. E. Baxter: Development of reflex mechanisms in the spinal cord of albino rat embryos. Correlation between structure and function, and comparisons with the cat and the chick. J. comp. Neurol. 63, 189–210 (1936).
—, W. L. Minear, M. F. Austin, and D. W. Orr: The origin and early development of somatic behavior in the albino rat. Physiol. Zool. 8, 156–185 (1935).
Wolf, M. K.: Differentiation of neuronal types and synapses in myelinating cultures of mouse cerebellum. J. Cell Biol. 22, 259–279 (1964).
Zelena, J., u. J. Szentágothai: Verlagerung der Lokalisation spezifischer Cholinesterase während der Entwicklung der Muskelinnervation. Acta histochem. (Jena) 3, 284–296 (1957).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This investigation was supported by grants NB-06735 and NB-05368 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness and grants 433 and 293 from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
Kennedy Scholar of the Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Redardation und Human Development.
Postdoctoral Fellow of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bornstein, M.B., Iwanami, H., Lehrer, G.M. et al. Observations on the appearance of neuromuscular relationships in cultured mouse tissues. Z. Zellforsch. 92, 197–206 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00335647
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00335647