Summary
The method of substitution and restoration of nucleus is briefly described.
Three species, Aegilops caudata, Ae. ovata and Triticum timopheevi, were used as donors of male sterility cytoplasms.
The characteristics of these three cytoplasms are summarized as follows:
Caudata-cytoplasm: This cytoplasm has in many respects deleterious effects on the manifestation of alien genomes. Substitution lines having hexaploid wheat genome constitution are mostly male sterile while the female organ is normal. Some lines set frequently germless seeds. Haploid and twin seedlings are of common occurrence in other lines. Pistillody is common in the substitution lines with tetraploid wheat genomes.
Ovata-cytoplasm: No pistillody was found in the substitution lines, both with hexaploid and tetraploid wheats. Male sterility is always complete in the substitution lines of hexaploid wheats with the exception of P 168, a variety of common wheat having a pair of satchromosomes of Ae. caudata. This variety restores male fertility completely. No effective restorers were found for the substitution lines of emmer wheat. Delayed heading is common in the 4x substitution lines.
Timopheevi-cytoplasm: Substitution lines of 6x wheats are mostly male sterile, while those of 4x wheats are more or less male fertile. Only the genome of T. spelta duhamelianum restores completely pollen fertility.
Among the indispensable factors for the success of hybrid wheat, five were discussed. They were (1) hetero sis, (2) selection of male sterile cytoplasms, (3) discovery of restoring genes, (4) production of hybrid seeds and (5) quality.
Zusammenfassung
Die Methode der Substitution und Restoration des Nucleus wird kurz beschrieben.
Drei Arten, Aegilops caudata, Ae. ovata und Triticum timopheevi, wurden als Donor cytoplasmatisch bedingter männlicher Sterilität verwendet. Die Charakteristika der jeweiligen Cytoplasmen lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen:
Caudata-Cytoplasma: Dieses Cytoplasma hat in vieler Hinsicht einen schädlichen Einfluß auf die Manifestation fremder Genome. Substitutionslinien mit einem hexaploiden Weizengenom sind meist männlich steril, das weibliche Organ ist normal. Einige Linien bringen häufig keimlose Samen; in anderen Linien treten haploide und Zwillingssamen auf. Bei Substitutionslinien mit tetraploiden Weizengenomen werden häufig andere Blütenorgane in Karpelle umgewandelt.
Ovata-Cytoplasma: In den Substitutionslinien sowohl der hexaploiden wie tetraploiden Weizen wurden keine anderen Blütenorgane in Karpelle umgewandelt. Die Substitutionslinien der hexaploiden Weizen sind stets vollkommen männlich steril mit Ausnahme von P 168, einer Weizenvarietät, die ein Paar Sat-Chromosomen von Ae. caudata besitzt. Diese Varietät stellt die männliche Fertilität vollkommen wieder her. In den Emmer-Substitutionslinien wurden keine wirksamen Restorer gefunden. Bei den 4x-Substitutionslinien zeigt sich häufig verzögertes Ährenschieben.
Timopheevi-Cytoplasma: Die Substitutionslinien der 6x-Weizen sind meist männlich steril, die von 4x-Weizen dagegen mehr oder weniger männlich fertil. Nur das Genom von T. spelta duhamelianum stellt die Pollenfertilität völlig wieder her.
Von den für den Erfolg der Hybridweizenzüchtung unabdingbaren Faktoren wurden die folgenden 5 besprochen: 1. Heterosis, 2. Selektion männliche Sterilität bedingender Cytoplasmen, 3. Auffinden von Restorergenen, 4. Produktion von Hybridsaatgut und 5. Qualität.
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Dedicated to Professor Hans Stubbe on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
Contribution from the National Institute of Genetics, Japan, No. 636. This paper has been prepared for a lecture delivered July 18, 1966, at the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Science. This work has been supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, Grant GA AGR 65111.
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Kihara, H. Cytoplasmic male sterility in relation to hybrid wheat breeding. Zuchter \ Genet. Breed. Res. 37, 86–93 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329572
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329572