Abstract
The positions of the two sets of chromosome kinetochores, the spindle poles, cell membrane adjacent to the poles, and cleavage furrow of grasshopper neuroblasts in culture at 38°C were determined at short-time intervals during anaphase. The percent of motion due to poleward movement and spindle elongation, which coincide in time, were calculated for each minute, the former falling from 61% in the first minute to 15% in the seventh minute, and increasing to 86% in the final minute, probably as a result of pressure and bending of the spindle. Of the total chromosome movement during anaphase 44.6% is due to poleward movement of the daughter kinetochores and 55.4% to spindle elongation. The maximum velocity of a set of kinetochores is 3.41 μm/min and the mean velocity 1.86 μm/min (one-half the rate of separation). Various studies of anaphase chromosome movement in different cells and different species suggest certain generalizations, some of which are based on very small samples and so must be considered quite tentative: (1) The combination of poleward movement and spindle elongation is much more frequent than either acting alone. (2) These components of movement may coincide in time, overlap, or spindle elongation may follow poleward movement, but spindle elongation never begins before poleward chromosome movement. (3) There is an optimum temperature for the rate of chromosome movement, above and below which the rate gradually decreases. (4) In homoiothermic animals this optimum occurs at normal body temperature. (5) In homoiothermic animals the velocity falls more rapidly with a decrease in temperature than in poikilothermic animals. (6) Animals with large chromosomes (amphibia, grasshoppers) have higher chromosome velocities than those with small chromosomes. (7) Non-meiotic cells and secondary spermatocytes have higher velocities than primary spermatocytes of the same species. (8) Chromosome velocity is lower in malignant than non-malignant cells. (9) Chromosome velocity tends to be positively correlated with the distance the chromosomes travel during anaphase.
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Carlson, J.G. Anaphase chromosome movement in the unequally dividing grasshopper neuroblast and its relation to anaphases of other cells. Chromosoma 64, 191–206 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328077
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328077