Summary
To identify morphological and life history adaptations to grazing, mowing, and cultivation, seeds of the grass Cenchrus incertus were collected from two populations in each of three types of sites: cemeteries (mown occasionally), pastures (grazed continuously), and orchards (plowed twice a year). Seeds from each population were germinated and grown in a common greenhouse.
Plants originating from the two cemetery populations had, on average, the most leaves and the most tillers per plant at each census, and they were on average the shortest in stature. Cemetery plants had on average the greatest number of panicles and of burs per plant, but the fewest burs per panicle. The occasionally-mown but ungrazed cemetery populations in this study were therefore more similar to grazed populations described in other studies; the pasture and orchard populations in this study were more similar to ungrazed populations described in other studies. We suggest that this may be due to the low acceptability of Cenchrus incertus, which makes its defoliation relatively infrequent in unmown sites.
Some of the traits that distinguished the cemetery populations from the orchard and pasture populations, such as shorter stature, are probably direct adaptations to defoliation. Others may be secondary effects of these, or the result of allocation trade-offs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bradshaw AD (1959) Population differentiation in Agrostis tenuis Sibth. I. Morphological differentiation. New Phytol 58:208–227
Carman JG, Briske DD (1985) Morphologic and allozymic variation between long-term grazed and non-grazed populations of the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium var. frequens. Oecologia 66:332–337
Correll DS, Johnston MC (1979) Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas
Detling JK, Painter EL (1983) Defoliation responses of Western wheatgrass populations with diverse histories of prairie dog grazing. Oecologia 57:65–71
Gould FW (1975) The Grasses of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas
Gray AJ, Scott R (1980) A genecological study of Puccinellia maritima Huds. (Parl.) I. Variation estimated from single plant samples from British populations. New Phytol 85:89–107
Hickey WC (1961) Growth form of crested wheatgrass as affected by site and grazing. Ecol 42:173–176
Kemp WB (1937) Natural selection within plant species as exemplified in a permanent pasture. J Hered 28:329–333
Law R, Bradshaw AD, Putwain PD (1977) Life-history variation in Poa annua. Evol 31:233–246
Mahmond A, Grime JP, Furness SB (1975) Polymorphism in Arrhenatherum elatium (L.) Beauv. ex J. & C. Presl. New Phytol 75:269–276
Peterson RA (1962) Factors affecting resistance to heavy grazing in needle-and-thread grass. J Range Manage 15:183–189
Primack RB, Antonovics J (1982) Experimental ecological genetics in Plantago. VII. Reproductive effort in populations of P. lanceolata L. Evol 36:742–752
SAS Institute (1982) User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry (2nd ed). Freeman, San Francisco, California
Solbrig OT, Simpson BB (1974) Components of regulation of a population of dandelions in Michigan. J Ecol 62:473–486
Stearns SC (1976) Life history tactics: a review of the ideas. Quart Review Biol 51:3–47
Warwick SI, Briggs D (1978a) The genecology of lawn weeds. I. Population differentiation in Poa annua L. in a mosaic environment of bowling green lawns and flower beds. New Phytol 81:711–723
Warwick SI, Briggs D (1987b) The genecology of lawn weeds. II. Evidence for disruptive selection in Poa annua L. in a mosaic environment of bowling green lawns and flower beds. New Phytol 81:725–737
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McKinney, K.K., Fowler, N.L. Genetic adaptations to grazing and mowing in the unpalatable grass Cenchrus incertus . Oecologia 88, 238–242 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00320817
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00320817