Abstract
The influence of cadmium (up to 10−4 M), fluoride (up to 10−4 M), and X-rays (up to 18.8 Gy) on different variables of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro has been examined.
The agents were applied either singly or in combination (0.94 Gy X-rays +3×10−7 M CdSO4 or CdF2; 0.94 Gy X-rays +3×10−6 M CdSO4 or CdF2).
The following variables were determined:
-
a)
the microscopic visible development until 144 h post conceptionem (=144 h p.c.),
-
b)
the average cell numbers (48 h p.c., 56 h p.c., 72 h p.c., 96 h p.c., 120 h p.c., 144 h p.c.),
-
c)
the number of micronuclei (72 h p.c.),
-
d)
the distribution of cell nuclei within the cell cycle (72 h p.c.).
Nearly all results of the combination experiments correspond to the sum of the single effects. Only two values (out of about 40) significantly exceed the value obtained after addition of the single effects; both values lie within the envelope of additivity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexandre HL (1974) Effects of X-irradiation on preimplantation mouse embryos cultured in vitro. J Reprod Fert 36: 417–420
Bruce WR, Heddle JA (1979) The mutagenic activity of 61 agents as determined by the micronucleus, Salmonella, and sperm abnormality assays. Can J Genet Cytol 21: 319–334
Chaube S, Nishimura H, Swinyard CA (1973) Zinc and cadmium in normal human embryos and fetuses: analyses by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Arch Environ Health 26: 237–240
Crow EL, Gardner RS (1959) Confidence intervals for the expectation of a Poisson variable. Biometrika 46: 441–453
Degraeve N (1981) Carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects of cadmium. Mutat Res 86: 115–135
Dencker L (1975) Possible mechanisms of cadmium fetotoxicity in golden hamsters and mice: Uptake by the embryo, placenta and ovary. J Reprod Fertil 44: 461–471
Ferm VH, Carpenter SJ (1967) Teratogenic effect of cadmium and its inhibition by zinc. Nature 216: 1123
Fisher DL, Smithberg M (1973) In vitro and in vivo X-irradiation of preimplantation mouse embryos. Teratology 7: 57–64
Flick DF, Kraybill HF, Dimitroff JM (1971) Toxic effects of cadmium: a review. Environ Res 4: 71–85
Friberg L, Piscator M, Nordberg GF, Kjellström T (1974) Cadmium in the environment. 2nd edition. CRC Press, Cleveland
Goldstein LS, Spindle AI, Pedersen RA (1975) X-ray sensitivity of the preimplantation mouse embryo in vitro. Radiat Res 62: 276–287
Hogan MD, Kupper LL, Most BM, Hasemann JK (1978) Alternatives to Rothman's approach for assessing synergism (or antagonism) in cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol 108: 60–67
Kirkpatrick JF (1974) Differential sensitivity of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro to X-irradiation. Biol Reprod 11: 18–21
Klein NW, Vogler MA, Chatot CL, Pierro LJ (1980) The use of cultured rat embryos to evaluate the teratogenic activity of serum: Cadmium and cyclophosphamide. Teratology 21: 199–208
Lappenbusch WL, Gile JD (1975) Effect of cadmium chloride on the radiation response of the adult rat. Radiat Res 62: 313–322
Markard C, Abshagen J, Arndt U, de Boer R, Claussen T, Dobbertin S, Genest W, Hertel W, Müller J, Roß H, Sartorius R, Vahrenholt F, Wiedemann R, Wiedemann U-H (1977) Luftqualitätskriterien für Cadmium. Berichte 4/77, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin
Matthews J (1970) Changes in cell function due to inorganic fluoride. In: Smith FA (ed) Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, vol XX/2. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 98–143
Müller W-U, Streffer C, Zamboglou N (1981) Effects of a combined treatment with X-rays and phenols on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Radiat Environ Biophys 19: 247–258
Ozawa K, Sato A, Okada H (1976) Differential susceptibility of L cells in the exponential and stationary phases to cadmium chloride. Jpn J Pharmacol 26: 347–351
Reddy TP, Vaidyanath K (1978) Synergistic interaction of gamma rays and some metallic salts in the induction of chlorophyll mutations in rice. Mutat Res 52: 361–365
Steel GG, Peckham J (1979) Exploitable mechanisms in combined radiotherapy-chemotherapy: The concept of additivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5: 85–91
Streffer C, van Beuningen D, Molls M (1978a) Radiobiological investigations with the preimplanted mouse embryo. In: Ludwig H, Tauber F (eds) Human fertilization. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 175–179
Streffer C, van Beuningen D, Molls M, Pon A, Schulz S, Zamboglou N (1978b) In vitro culture of pre-implanted mouse embryos. A model system for studying combined effects. In: Late biological effects of ionizing radiation, vol II. IAEA-SM-224/801. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 381–396
Streffer C, van Beuningen D, Molls M, Zamboglou N, Schulz S (1980) Kinetics of cell proliferation in the preimplanted mouse embryo in vivo and in vitro. Cell Tiss Kinet 13: 135–143
Wiseman A (1970) Effect of inorganic fluoride on enzymes. In: Smith FA (ed) Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, vol XX/2. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 48–97
Wolkowski RM (1974) Differential cadmium-induced embryotoxicity in two inbred mouse strains. I. Analysis of inheritance of the response to cadmium and of the presence of cadmium in fetal and placental tissues. Teratology 10: 243–261
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Müller, WU., Streffer, C. & Kaiser, U. The combined treatment of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro with cadmium (CdSO4, CdF2) and X-rays. Arch Toxicol 51, 303–312 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317009
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317009