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Operable squamous esophageal cancer: Current results from the East

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Abstract

From 1958 through 1992 a total of 3603 patients underwent surgery for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in our department. Among these patients 3099 resections were performed, for an overall resectability of 86.0%. Of the resections, 2341 (75.5%) were classified as curative and 758 (24.5%) palliative. The overall morbidity and 30-day mortality rates were 23.4% and 3.8%, respectively. For resected cases the mortality was 4.0%. The more than 5-year follow-up rate of patients with resection was 97%. The actual 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were 30.4%, 23.6%, and 17.9%, respectively. Recurrence or metastasis remained the cause of death in 60.9% and 25.5% of patients who lived longer than 5 years and 15 years, respectively, after operation. The TNM staging, lymph node metastasis, extraesophageal invasion, tumor differentiation, tumor length, and category of operation were major determinants influencing long-term prognosis. The left thoracotomy approach was used exclusively in 2613 cases (84.3% of all resected cases) in which intrathoracic resections and anastomoses were performed. The stomach was used as a substitute for the esophagus in 98.8% of the resected cases compared with 1.2% colon transplants. The former procedure was far safer than the latter. Above-average results presented in this paper support the surgical policy we have pursued thus far: to resect the primary tumor by partial or subtotal esophagectomy and to remove all lymph nodes wherever they were found in all patients with disease earlier than stage III. Early detection and early treatment no doubt are the only ways to materially improve the long-term surgical results.

Résumé

Entre 1958 et 1992, 3603 patients ont été opérés d'un cancer épidermoïde de l'oesophage. Parmi eux, 3099 résections ont pu être effectuées avec un taux de résecabilité de 86%. Parmi ces résections, 2341 (75.5%) ont été considérées comme curatives, et 758 (24.5%) ont été considérées comme palliatives. La morbidité et la mortalité à 30 jours ont été respectivement de 23.4% et de 3.8%. En cas de résection, la mortalité a été de 4%. Quatre-vingt dix-sept pourcent des patients ont été suivis pendant plus de 5 ans. Les taux de survie actuarielle à 5, 10 et 15 ans ont été respectivement de 30.4%, 23.6%, et 17.9%. La récidive ou les métastases ont été la cause principale de décès chez 60.9% et 25.5% des patients ayant vécu plus de 5 et 15 ans après l'opération. Le stade TMN, l'existence de métastases ganglionnaires, l'extension extraoesophagienne, la différentiation tumorale, la longueur de la tumeur et le type de l'intervention ont été des déterminants majeurs du pronostic. Une thoracotomie gauche a été utilisée exclusivement chez 2613 patients (84.3% de toutes les résections en cas de résection et anastomoses intrathoraciques). Une gastroplastie a été utilisée chez 98.8% des cas de résection et un transplant colique seulement dans 1.2% des cas. II n'y avait aucune différence entre les deux en ce qui concerne les complications. Les résultats nettement au-dessus de la moyenne dans cette série sont en faveur de la chirurgie: réséquant la tumeur primitive par une oesophagectomie totale ou subtotale, accompagnée d'un curage lymphatique aussi complet que possible chez les patients stade III ou moins. La détection et le traitement précoces sont sans doute les seules façons d'améliorer les résultats à long terme.

Resumen

Entre 1958 y 1992, 3.603 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía por carcinoma escamocelular del esófago en nuestro departamento; se efectuaron 3.099 resecciones, para una tasa global de resectabilidad de 86%. De las resecciones, 2.341 (75.5%) fueron clasificadas como curativas y 758 (24.5%) como paliatives. Las tasas globales de morbilidad y de mortalidad a 30 días fueron 23.4% y 3.8%, respectivamente.

La mortalidad para los casos resecados fue 4.0%. La rata de seguimiento para los pacientes operados más de 5 años atrás fue 97%. Las tasas actuariales de sobrevida a 5, 10 y 15 años fueron 30.4%, 23.6% y 17.9% respectivamente.

La recidiva y las metástasis se mantuvieron como causas de muerte en 60.9% y 25.5% respectivamente de los pacientes que sobrevivieron más de 5 años y 15 años luego de la operación.

La estadificación TNM, las metástasis ganglionares, la invasión extraesofagiana, el grado de diferenciacíon tumoral, la longitud del tumor y la categoría de la operación fueron los principales factores determinantes de pronóstico a largo plazo.

Se utilizó el abordaje por toracotomía izquierda exclusiva en 2.613 casos (84.3% de la totalidad de casos resecados) en los cuales se efectuó resección intratorácica con anastomosis. El estómago fue utilizado como sustituto del esófago en 98.8% de los casos resecados, en contraste con el trasplante de colon que se hizo en 1.2% de los casos. El uso del estómago como sustituto es, por mucho, un procedimiento bastante más seguro.

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Zhang, D.W., Cheng, G.Y., Huang, G.J. et al. Operable squamous esophageal cancer: Current results from the East. World J. Surg. 18, 347–354 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00316813

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