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Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on in vitro enzyme kinetics and in vivo biotransformation of benzene in the rat

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Abstract

Phenobarbital pretreatment (50 mg/kg/day for 3 days orally) of male Wistar rats increased V max of benzene in vitro hepatic microsomal biotransformation about 6-fold without changing K m . However, benzene blood levels after oral, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous benzene administration (3–3.5 mmoles/kg) were not influenced by phenobarbital pretreatment. The phenol blood levels after oral or intraperitoneal benzene were increased by phenobarbital pretreatment, but less than expected from in vitro data and only 3 h after benzene administration. Phenol elimination in urine after subcutaneous benzene was not affected by phenobarbital. After oral or intraperitoneal benzene administration, phenol urine excretion closely followed the levels of phenol in blood, i.e., rate of phenol urine excretion was significantly, but shortly increased, and the cumulative urine excretion of phenol increased very little or remained unchanged. Differences between the in vitro and in vivo observations of the effect of phenolbarbital on benzene biotransformation may partly be explained by distribution of benzene, which apparently limited benzene availability for biotransformation (V d =5.5) and caused rapid decrease of benzene concentrations in blood. Conditions for enzyme activity may have been substantially different in vitro vs. in vivo: in vitro concentrations of benzene were at least by an order of magnitude higher than phenol concentrations, while in vivo, an opposite relation prevailed making a competition for microsomal monooxygenase possible. Cofactor availability may be another rate-limiting step or factor of in vivo benzene biotransformation, as benzene ring hydroxylation requires high energy. The rate of in vitro hepatic microsomal benzene biotransformation proved to be of limited value when predicting benzene quantitative biotransformation in vivo in contradistinction to various substrates where the in vitro and in vivo biotransformation data are in good agreement

Zusammenfassung

Die Vorbehandlung von männlichen Wistar-Ratten mit Phenolbarbital-Natrium (50 mg/kg/Tag, 3 Tage lang) steigerte V max der Biotransformation von Benzol in vitro durch mikrosomale Leberenzyme 6fach, ohne Änderung von K m . Dennoch beeinflußte die Vorbehandlung mit Phenobarbital nicht die Kurven des Benzolniveaus im Blut nach oraler, intraperitonealer oder subkutaner Applikation von Benzol (3–3,5 mMol/kg). Nach oraler oder intraperitonealer Applikation von Benzol wurde das Phenolniveau in Blut durch Phenobarbitalinduktion gesteigert, jedoch weniger, als aus in vitro-Versuchen erwartet wurde und nur für 3 Std nach Benzolapplikation. Die Phenolausscheidung im Harn nach subkutaner Benzolapplikation wurde durch Phenolbarbital nicht beeinflußt. Nach oraler oder intraperitonealer Benzolapplikation folgte die Phenolausscheidung im Harn den Phenolkurven im Blut, d. h. daß die Ausscheidungsgeschwindigkeit des Phenols durch die Vorbehandlung mit Phenobarbital signifikant, aber kurzfristig gesteigert wurde, die Gesamtausscheidung von Phenol aber nur wenig gesteigert wurde oder unverändert blieb. Die bedeutenden Unterschiede zwischen den in vitro und in vivo-Beobachtungen können teilweise durch die Benzolverteilung erklärt werden, die offensichtlich den Benzoltransport zum Ort der Biotransformation einschränkt (V d =5,5) und eine rasche Senkung der Benzolkonzentration in Blut verursacht. Die Bedingungen der Tätigkeit der Enzyme in vitro und in vivo unterschieden sich bedeutend: in vitro war die Benzolkonzentration um mindestens eine Ordnung höher als die Konzentration des sich bildenden Phenols. Anderseits überwog in vivo die entgegengesetzte Situation. Unter diesen Umständen war in vivo ein Wettbewerb des Phenols mit dem Benzol um die mikrosomale Oxidase möglich. Die Verfügbarkeit über Kofaktoren konnte ein weiterer, die Geschwindigkeit bestimmender Schritt bei der Biotransformation von Benzol in vivo sein, denn die Oxidation des Benzolkerns beansprucht viel Energie. Die Diskrepanz der Ergebnisse in vitro und in vivo zeigt, daß die in vitro-Studie für das Verständnis der Kinetik der Benzolbiotransformation in vivo nur begrenzt Gültigkeit besitzt. Die in vitro Studie muß die Bedingungen der Tätigkeit der mikrosomalen Oxidasen in vivo berücksichtigen.

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Gut, I. Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on in vitro enzyme kinetics and in vivo biotransformation of benzene in the rat. Arch. Toxicol. 35, 195–206 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00293567

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