Summary
The genetic basis of retinoblastoma is reviewed and the following conclusions are drawn:
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1)
The mode of inheritance of the hereditary variety of retinoblastoma (R) is autosomal dominant with about 90% penetrance.
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2)
About 68% of inherited cases are bilateral, and about 32%, unilateral. There is an intrafamilial correlation between penetrance as measured by segregation ratio and expressivity as measured by the fraction of bilaterally affected patients.
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3)
The vast majority of all R patients are sporadic cases, i.e., they are the only affected members of otherwise unaffected families. The porportion of bilateral cases is much lower among sporadic than among hereditary cases.
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4)
All bilaterally affected patients with sporadic R and patients with unilateral sporadic R with more than one primary tumor have to be regarded as germ cell mutants; they will transmit the gene to 50% of their offspring. Only 10%–12% of unilateral sporadic cases are germ cell mutants; 88%–90% are nonhereditary; in these cases the tumor is probably caused by a somatic mutation.
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5)
In a minority of cases, deletion of the chromosome segment 13q14 (=interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13) has been observed. In addition to R, the patients show a variable degree of general or mental retardation; often there are few external indications of a chromosome aberration. Other chromosome studies suggest anomalies of chromosome 13 in tumor tissue even in cases not showing an anomaly of this chromosome in blood cultures, and possibly a slingtly increased chromosome instability.
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6)
Patients with bilateral, and possibly in general with hereditary, R run an increased risk of becoming affected with other tumor diseases, such as osseous sarcomas, in later life.
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7)
Knudson's hypothesis of two mutational steps leading to both the hereditary and the nonhereditary variants of R is discussed critically, and the alternative possibility is suggested that in the nonhereditary variant a single mutational step—possibly a small chromosome aberration—could be enough to produce a tumor.
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8)
Evidence indicating a possible viral origin of R is cited, and animal experiments are mentioned in which R-like tumors have successfully been produced by local DNA virus inoculation.
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9)
As a consequence of improved survival and reproduction of R patients, an increase in the incidence of R and in the proportion of bilateral cases among all R patients must be anticipated.
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10)
Detailed rules for genetic counseling in families affected by R are given.
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Vogel, F. Genetics of retinoblastoma. Hum Genet 52, 1–54 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284597
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284597