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The homologies of the Fennoscandian mountain and coastal birch forests in Eurasia and North America

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Summary

The Fennoscandian mountain birchwoods and the ecologically and physiognomically closely related oceanic coastal birchwoods are found in all the boreal zones (northern boreal, middle boreal, southern boreal and hemiboreal) in Europe. In general, they are characteristic and commonly dominant (not necessarily in pure stands) in the oceanic to suboceanic, cool and windy western sections of the boreal zones.

The same pattern is clearly repeated on the east coast of Eurasia, despite of its less pronounced oceanity. There the most oceanic boreal sections are dominated by forests of Betula ermanii s. lat. (ranging from the northern boreal to the hemiboreal zone) and Alnus maximowiczii (essentially middle and northern boreal).

The western North American Alnus sinuata woods may be interpreted as homologous to the Fennoscandian birchwoods. They are found mainly in the middle and northern (upper) boreal zones in southern Alaska (also in the mountains of British Columbia and SW Yukon). In southern Alaska there are also some fragments of oceanic birchwoods.

In eastern North America such homologous deciduous forests are poorly developed.

Among the true inland mountain birchwoods only those of the northern Ural Mts., some Transbaikalian mountains, the Himalaya and (with reservation) the Caucasus are referred to the distinct homologies of the Fennoscandian birchwoods.

The widespread timber-line alder scrubs consisting of Alnus crispa and related taxa in North America and Eurasia are not included in such homologies.

The occurrence of treeless boreal maritime heaths and grasslands is closely related to the distribution of birch and alder forests. The lowlands of Iceland, the Aleutian Islands and the Kuril Islands, for instance, are referred to the boreal heath sections rather than to the arctic.

Zusammenfassung

Die fennoskandischen Gebirgsbirkenwälder und die ökologisch und physiognomisch nahe verwandten ozeanischen Küstenbirken-wälder kommen in allen borealen Zonen vor. Sie sind typisch und allgemein dominant (nicht immer in reinen Beständen) in den ozeanisch-subozeanischen, kühlen und windigen Sektionen der borealen Zonen.

Dasselbe Phänomen wiederholt sich deutlich auch an der Ostküste Eurasiens, ungeachtet ihrer geringeren Ozeanität. In den meist ozeanischen borealen Sektionen herrschen die Wälder von Betula ermanii s. lat. (von der nordborealen zur hemiborealen Zone) und von Alnus maximowiczii (eigentlich mittel- und nordboreal).

Im westlichen Nordamerikakönnen die Alnus sinuata-Wälder als homolog mit den fennoskandischen Birkenwäldern erklärt werden. Sie kommen hauptsächlich in den mittel- und nordborealen Zonen in Südalaska vor (auch in den Gebirgen von Britisch-Kolumbien und im südwestlichen Yukon). Auch in Südalaska gibt es einige Fragmente von ozeanischen Birkenwäldern.

Die homologen Laubwälder im östlichen Nordamerika sind schwach entwickelt.

Nur die Binnengebirgsbirkenwälder, die in Nordural, in Trans-baikalien, im Himalaya und (unter Vorbehalt) in Kaukasien vorkommen, werden für homolog mit den fennoskandischen Birkenwäldern angesehen.

Die an der Waldgrenze weitverbreiteten Erlengebüsche (Alnus crispa und nahe verwandt) in Nordamerika und Eurasien werden nicht in solche Homologien aufgenommen.

Das Vorkommen der baumlosen borealen maritimen Heiden und Wiesen ist sehr nahe verwandt mit den Birken und Erlenwäldern. Zum Beispiel die Tiefländer von Island, Aleuten und Kurilen werden besser zu den borealen Heide-Sektionen als zur arktischen Zone gezählt.

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Hämet-Ahti, L., Ahti, T. The homologies of the Fennoscandian mountain and coastal birch forests in Eurasia and North America. Vegetatio Acta Geobot 19, 208–219 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00259011

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