Skip to main content
Log in

The crab-like supernova remnants

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

About twenty galactic supernova remnants contain, or are suspected to contain, internal neutron stars. These are observed as pulsing sources or through radiation from surrounding synchrotron nebulae. The Crab Nebula is the most famous example. Similar, but less luminous, nebulae have been identified through radio and X-ray morphology and spectra. This review emphasizes the X-ray observations and is based on images obtained with the Einstein Observatory. These images are illustrated for most remnants and some have not been published previously.

There is a great variety of observed characteristics. A typical SNR in this class appears as a patchy shell of hot gas with a contribution from an energetic pulsar at the center. Both the luminosity of the shell and the luminosity powered by the pulsar can vary over a wide range. Remnants reviewed range from the Crab, in which the pulsar-powered component is overwhelming, to RCW 103, in which a central object is marginally observed through a bright shell.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andrews, M. D., Bosart, J. P., Lamb, R. C., and Becker, R. H.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 266, 684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angerhofer, P. E., Strom, R. G., Velusamy, T., and Kondo, M. R.: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 94, 313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschenbach, B. and Brinkmann, W.: 1975, Astron. Astrophys, 41, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, R. H. and Helfand, D. J.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 283, 154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, R. H. and Helfand, D. J.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 297, L25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, R. H. and Szymkowiak, A. E.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 248, L23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, R. H., Helfand, D. J., and Szymkowiak, A. E.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 255, 557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, R. H., Helfand, D. J., and Szymkowiak, A. E.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 268, L93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, W. P., Kirshner, R., Fesen, R., and Gull, T.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 282, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, W. and Ögelman, H.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 182, 71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanan, G. A., Helfand, D. J., and Reynolds, S.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 287, L23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, P. A. and Culhane, J. L.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 211, L23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, A. F. and Helfand, D. J.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 271, 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. H. and Stephenson, F. R.: 1977, The Historical Supernovae, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. H., Culhane, J. L., Dopita, M. A., Long, K. S., Mathewson, D. S., Szymkowiak, A. E., and Tuohy, I. R.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 255, 440.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. H., Touhy, I. R., and Becker, R. H.: 1980, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 193, 129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, F. A., Hjellming, R. M., Mason, K. O., and Middleditch, J.: 1987, IAU Circ., No. 4490.

  • Davelaar, J., Smith, A., and Becker, F. H.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 300, L59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominique, D., Rankin, J. M., Weisberg, J. M., and Backus, P. R.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 161, 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlman, G. and Gregory, P.: 1983, in J. Danziger and P. Gorenstein (eds.), ‘Supernova Remnants and Their X-ray Emission’, IAU Symp. 101, 445.

  • Fahlman, G. C, Gregory, P. C, Hickson, P., Richer, H. B., and Middleditch, J.: 1982, IAU Circ., No. 3701.

  • Forman, W., Jones, C., Cominsky, L., Julien, P., Murray, S., Peters, G., Tananbaum, H., and Giacconi, R.: 1978, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 38, 357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fürst, E., Reich, W., Hummel, E., and Sofue, Y.: 1988, in R. S. Roger and R. L. Landecker (eds.), Supernova Remnants and the Interstellar Medium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. A. and Gull, S. F.: 1983, in J. Danziger and P. Gorenstein (eds.), ‘Supernova Remnants and Their X-Ray Emission’, IAU Symp. 101, 335.

  • Green, D. A.: 1985, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 216, 691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P. C. and Fahlman, G.: 1980, Nature 287, 805.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P. C. and Fahlman, G. G.: 1983, in J. Danziger and P. Gorenstein (eds.), ‘Supernova Remnants and Their X-Ray Emission’ IAU Symp. 101, 429.

  • Gregory, P. C., Braun, R., Fahlman, G. G., and Gull S. F.: 1983, in J. Danziger and P. Gorenstein (eds.), ‘Supernova Remnants and Their X-ray Emission’ IAU Symp. 101, 437.

  • Hanson, C. G., Dennerl, K., M. J., and Davis, S. R.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. (in press).

  • Harnden, F. R., Jr. and Seward, F. D.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 283, 274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harnden, F. R., Jr., Grant, P. D., and Seward, F. D.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 299, 828.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfand, D. J.: 1981, in W. Sieber and R. Wielebinski (eds.), ‘Pulsars’, IAU Symp. 95, 343.

  • Helfand, D. J.: 1984, Adv. Space Res. 3, No. 10–12, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfand, D. J. and Becker, R. H.: 1984, Nature 307, 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfand, D. J. and Becker, R. H.: 1987a, Astrophys. J. 314, 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfand, D. J. and Becker, R. H.: 1987b, Astrophys. J. 316, 660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfand, D. J., Becker, R. H., and Lockman, F. J.: 1988, Astrophys. J. (in press).

  • Henry, R. B. C. and MacAlpine, G. M.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 258, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester, J. and Kulkarni, S.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 331, L121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y.-L: 1986, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 18, 1043.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, S. M., Gorenstein, P., Harnden, F. R., Jr., and Seward, F. D.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 299, 828.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellett, B. J., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Culhane, J. L., Mason, I. M., Mason, K. O., and Whitehouse, D. R.: 1987, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 225, 199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennel, C. F. and Coroniti, F. V.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 283, 694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirshner, R. P.: 1980, private communication.

  • Kirshner, R. P., Morse, J. A., Winkler, P. F., and Blair, W. P.: 1988, in preparation.

  • Koyama, K., Hoshi, R., and Nagase, F.: 1987, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 39, 801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriss, G. A., Becker, R. H., Helfand, D. J., and Canizares, C. R.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 288, 703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni, S. R., Clifton, T. C., Backer, D. C., Foster, R. S., Fruchter, A. S., and Taylor, J. H.: 1988, Nature 331, 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, R. C. and Markert, T. H.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 244, 94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leahy, D. A.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 322, 917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manchester, R. N.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 171, 205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manchester, R. N. and Taylor, J. H.: 1977, Pulsars, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manchester, R. N., Durdin, J. M., and Newton, L. M.: 1985, Nature 313, 374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margon, B.: 1984, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22, 507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathewson, D. S., Dopita, M. A., Touhy, I. R., and Ford, V. L.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 242, L73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathewson, D. S., Ford, V. L., Dopita, M. A., Touhy, I. R., Long, K. S., and Helfand, D. J.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 51, 345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, Y. and Long, K. S.: 1985, in M. Kafatos and R. Henry (eds.), The Crab Nebula and Related Supernova Remnants, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, Y., Long, K. S., and Touhy, I. R.: 1987, in R. S. Roger and T. L. Landecker (eds.), Supernova Remnants and the Interstellar Medium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, Y., Long, K. S., and Touhy, I. R.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 329, 838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauche, C. W. and Gorenstein, P.: 1985, in M. C. Kafatos and R. B. C. Henry (eds.), The Crab Nebula and Related Supernova Remnants, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middleditch, J. and Pennypacker, C.: 1985, Nature 313, 659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, B. Y., Turtle, A. J., Little, A. G., and Durdin, J. M.: 1984, Australian J. Phys. 37, 321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdin, P. and Clark, D. H.: 1981, Nature 294, 543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nousek, H. A., Cowie, L. L., Hu, E., Lindblad, C. J., and Garmire, G. P.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 248, 152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, J. J., Becker, R. H., Garmire, G. P., Pravdo, S. H., Touhy, I. R., Winkler, P. F., Jr.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 284, 612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petre, R., Szymkowiak, A., Seward, F. D., and Willingale, R.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 335, 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J. P., Becker, R. H., Seward, F. D., and Thomas, N.: 1984, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 207, 649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, M. J. and Gunn, J. E.: 1974, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 167, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, W., Fürst, E., and Sofue, Y.: 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 133, L4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, W., Fürst, E., and Seiber, W.: 1983, in J. Danziger and P. Gorenstein (eds.), ‘Supernova Remnants and Their X-ray Emission’, IAU Symp. 101, 377.

  • Reynolds, S. P. and Aller, H. D.: 1985, Astron. J. 90, 2312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schattenberg, M. L., Canizares, C. R., Berg C. J., Clark G. W., Markert, T. H., and Winkler, P. F.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 241, L151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward, F. D.: 1983, in J. Danziger and P. Gorenstein (eds.), ‘Supernova Remnants and Their X-Ray Emission’, IAU Symp. 101, 471.

  • Seward, F. D.: 1988a, Astron. J. (submitted).

  • Seward, F. D.: 1988b, Catalog of Einstein SNR Observations (in preparation).

  • Seward, F. D.: 1988c, Vela SNR (in preparation).

  • Seward, F. D. and Harnden, F. R., Jr.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 253, L45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward, F. D. and Wang, Z.-R.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 332, 199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward, F. D., Harnden, F. R., Jr., and Helfand, D. J.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 287, L19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward, F. D., Harnden, F. R., Jr., Murdin, P., and Clark, D. H.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 267, 698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward, F. D., Harnden, F. R., Jr., Swank, J., and Szymkowiak, A.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 281, 650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A., Jones, L. R., Peacock, A., and Pye, J.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 296, 469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A., Jones, L. E., Watson, M. G., Willingale, R., Wood, N., and Seward, F. D.: 1985, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 217, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofue, Y., Takahara, F., and Hirabayashi, H.: 1983, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 35, 447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strom, R. G.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 319, L103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strom, R. G., Angerhofer, P. E., and Velusamy, T.: 1980, Nature 284, 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinbank, E. and Pooley, G.: 1979, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 186, 775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatematsu, K., Fukui, Y., Nakano, M., Kogure, T., Ogawa, H., and Kawabata, K.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 184, 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toor, A., Palmieri, T. M., and Seward, F. D.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 207, 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Touhy, I. R. and Garmire, G. P.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 239, L107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Touhy, I. R., Clark, D. H., and Burton, W. M.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 260, L65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Touhy, I. R., Garmire, G. P., Manchester, R. N., and Dopita, M. A.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 268, 778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velusamy, T. and Becker, R. H.: 1988, Astron. J. 95, 1162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z.-R. and Seward, F. D.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 285, 607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z.-R., Lin, J. Y., Gorenstein, P., and Zombeck, M. V.: 1986, Highlights Astron. 7, 583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, M., Stewart, G., Brinkmann, W., and King, A. R.: 1986, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 222, 261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, M. G., Willingale, R., Grindlay, J. E., and Seward, F. D.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 273, 688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, K. W.: 1985, in M. Kafatos and R. B. C. Henry, (eds.), The Crab Nebula and Related Supernova Remnants, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, K. W. and Panagia, N.: 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 90, 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, K. W. and Seielsted, G. A.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 163, 455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. S.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 241, L19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. S.: 1983, The Observatory 103, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. S.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 302, 718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. and Weiler, K.: 1982, Nature 300, 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, P. F., Canizares, C. R., Markert, T. H., and Szymkowiak, A. E.: 1982, in M. Rees and M. Stoneham (eds.), Supernovae: a Survey of Current Research, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, p. 105.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Seward, F.D. The crab-like supernova remnants. Space Sci Rev 49, 385–423 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00241871

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00241871

Keywords

Navigation