Summary
The analysis of anisotropic inhibitor-induced phenomena in mitochondria revealed that two kinds of negative charges are generated near surface of the C-side of mitochondrial inner membranes in the energized state, on the redox complexes (I, III & IV) and F0, respectively, and that positively charged anisotropic inhibitors (AI+) inhibit energy transduction in oxidative phosphorylation by binding to these negative charges. Thus, AI+ have two different inhibition sites in oxidative phosphorylation, the redox complexes and F0. The membrane components generating the negative charges in energized mitochondria were examined by the technique of photoaffinity labeling with monoazide ethidium, which is an AI+. Results showed that monoazide ethidium specifically binds to two kinds of hydrophobic protein (of 8 K and 13 K daltons) of mitochondria energized with succinate, and these proteins were named chargerin I and II, respectively. Chargerin I and II, which may be components of the redox complexes and F0, seem to generate the negative charges described above, and these may be essential for H+-pumps in the redox complexes and F1 · F0. AI+ seem to inhibit ATP synthesis by binding to negatively charged sites of chargerin I and II.
Based on these findings and the salient results on energy-transducing membranes obtained recently in other laboratories, a conformational model of H+-pumps and ATP synthesis in mitochondria is proposed, which is also applicable to ATP synthesis in other energy-transducing membranes and ATP-linked active transport of ions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mitchell, P., 1966. Chemiosmotic Coupling in Oxidative and Photosynthetic Phosphorylation. Glynn Res. Ltd., England.
Mitchell, P., 1979. Les Prix Nobel in 1978 David Keilin's Respiratory Chain Concept and Its Chemiosmotic Consequences, pp. 135–172. The Nobel Foundation, Stockholm.
Mitchell, P., 1981. Chem. Brit. 17: 14–20.
Mitchell, P., 1976. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 4: 399–430.
Boyer, P. D., Chance, B., Ernster, L., Mitchell, P., Racker, E. and Slater, E. C., 1977. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46: 955–1026.
Kagawa, Y., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 505: 45–93.
Fillingame, R. H., 1980. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 49: 1079–1113.
Mitchell, P., 1981. In: Mitochondria and Microsomes (Lee, C. P., Schatz, G. and Dallner, G., eds.), pp. 427–457, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., London.
Williams, R. J. P., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 505: 1–44.
Williams, R. J. P., 1978. FEBS Lett. 85: 9–19.
Boyer, P. D., 1975. FEBS Lett. 58: 1–6.
Rosen, G., Gresser, M., Vinkler, C. and Boyer, P. D., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 10654–10661.
Ernster, L., Nordenbrand, K., Chude, O. and Juntti, K., 1974. In: Membrane Proteins in Transport and Phosphorylation (Azzone, G. F., Klingenberg, M. E., Quagliariello, E. and Siliprandi, N., eds.), pp. 29–41, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Roberton, A. M., Holloway, C. T., Knight, I. G. and Beechey, R. B., 1968. Biochem. J. 108: 445–456.
Enns, R. K. and Criddle, R. S., 1977. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 182: 587–600.
Mairouch, H. and Godinot, C., 1977. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 4185–4189.
Beechey, R. B., Holloway, C. T., Knight, I. G. and Roberton, A. M., 1966. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 23: 75–80.
Beechey, R. B. and Knight, I. G., 1978. J. Bioenerg. Biomemb. 10: 89–100.
Berden, J. A. and Vershoor, G. J., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 504: 278–287.
Gomez-Fernandez, J. C. and Harris, D. A., 1978. Biochem. J. 176: 967–975.
Harris, D. A., von Tscharner, V. and Radda, G. K., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 548: 72–84.
Cintrón, N. M. and Pedersen, P. L., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 3439–3443.
Lunardi, J., Satre, M., Bof, M. and Vignais, P. V., 1979. Biochemistry 18: 5310–5316.
Cross, R. L. and Kohlbrenner, W. E., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 4865–4873.
Kohlbrenner, W. E. and Cross, R. L., 1979. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 198: 598–607.
Sugiyama, Y. and Mukohata, Y., 1978. FEBS Lett. 85: 211–214.
Sugiyama, Y. and Mukohata, Y., 1979. FEBS Lett. 98: 276–279.
Shoshan, V. and Selman, B. R., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 8808–8813.
Hosoi, K., Yoshimura, S., Soe, G., Kakuno, T. and Horio, T., 1973. J. Biochem. 74: 1275–1278.
Hosoi, K., Soe, G., Kakuno, T. and Horio, T., 1975. J. Biochem. 78: 1331–1346.
Sebald, W. and Wachter, E., 1978. In: Energy Conservation in Biological Membranes (Schafer, G. and Klingenberg, M., eds.), pp. 228–236, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Okamoto, H., Sone, N., Hirata, H., Yoshida, M. and Kagawa, Y., 1977. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6125–6131.
Nelson, N., Eytan, E., Notsani, B., Sigris, H., Nelson, K. S. and Gitler, C., 1977. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 2375–2378.
Graf, T. and Sebald, W., 1978. FEBS Lett. 94: 218–222.
Wachter, E., Schmid, R., Dechers, G. and Altendorf, K., 1980. FEBS Lett. 113: 265–270.
Sebald, W., Machleidt, W. and Wachter, E., 1980. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77: 785–789.
Azzi, A., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 594: 231–252.
Azzi, A. and Casey, R. P., 1979. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 28: 169–184.
Casey, R. P., Thelen, M. and Azzi, A., 1979. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 87: 1044–1051.
Casey, R. P., Thelen, M. and Azzi, A., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 3994–4000.
Casey, R. P., Broger, C., Thelen, M. and Azzi, A. J., 1981. Bioenerg. Biomemb. 13: 219–228.
Higuti, T., Yokota, M., Arakaki, N., Hattori, A. and Tani, I., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 503: 211–222.
Higuti, T., Arakaki, N., Yokota, M., Hattori, A. and Tani, L, 1978. FEBS Lett. 87: 87–91.
Higuti, T., Arakaki, N., Niimi, S., Nakasima, S. and Hattori, A. 1979. XIth Int. Congr. Biochemistry, (Toronto) Abstract, p. 425.
Higuti, T., Arakaki, N., Niimi, S., Nakasima, S., Saito, R., Tani, I. and Ota, F., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 7631–7636.
Higuti, T., Arakaki, R., Kotera, Y., Takigawa, M., Tani, I. and Shibuya, M., 1983. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 725: 1–9.
Karoo, N., Muratsugu, M., Kurihara, K. and Kobatake, Y., 1976. FEBS Lett. 72: 247–250.
Aiuchi, T., Kamo, N., Kurihara, K. and Kobatake, Y., 1977. Biochemistry 16: 1626–1630.
Quintanilha, A. T. and Packer, L., 1977. FEBS Lett. 78: 161–165.
Higuti, T., Ohe, T., Arakaki, N. and Kotera, Y., 1981. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 9855–9860.
Higuti, T., Kotera, Y., Takigawa, M., Arakaki, R., Fujita, T. and Ogawa, T.,1983. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in press).
Sanadi, D. R., 1982. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 683: 39–56.
Andreoli, T. E., Lam, K. W. and Sanadi, D. R., 1965. J. Biol. Chem. 240: 2644–2653.
Lam, K. W., Warshaw, J. B. and Sanadi, D. R., 1968. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 119: 477–484.
Warshaw, J. B., Lam, K. W., Nagy, B. and Sanadi, D. R., 1968. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 123: 385–396.
Lam, K. W., 1968. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 123: 642–643.
Sanadi, D. R., Lam, K. W. and Kurup, C. K. R., 1968. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 61: 277–283.
Lam, K. W., Swann, D. and Elzinga, M., 1969. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 130: 175–182.
Joshi, S., Hughes, J. B., Shaikh, F. and Sanadi, D. R., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 10145–10152.
Racker, E., 1970. In: Membranes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (Backer, E., ed.), p. 127, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, Princeton, New Jersey.
Zanotti, A. and Azzone, G. F., 1980. Arch. Biochem. Biophys 201: 255–265.
Nishimura, M., Ito, T. and Chance, B., 1962. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 59: 117–182.
Fernández-Morán, H., Oda, T., Blair, P. V. and Green, D. E., 1964. J. Cell Biol. 22: 63–100.
Lee, C. P. and Ernster, L., 1966. In: Regulation of Metabolic Processes in Mitochondria (Tager, J. M., Papa, S., Quagliariello, E. and Slater, E. C., eds.), Biochim. Biophys. Acta Library, Vol. 7, pp. 218–234, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Kagawa, Y., 1972. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 265: 297–338.
Racker, E.,1974.In:Molecular Oxygen in Biology (Hayaishi, O., ed.), pp. 339–361, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Depierre, J. W. and Ernster, L., 1977. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46:201–262.
Lee, C. P. and Storey, B. T., 1981. In: Mitochondria and Microsomes (Lee, C. P., Schatz, G. and Dallner, G., eds.), pp. 121–153, Addison Wesley Publ. Co., London.
Neumann, J., Drechsler, Z., Searle, G. F. W. and Barber, J., 1979. FEBS Lett. 102: 121–125.
Reeves, S. G. and Hall, D. O., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 463: 275–297.
Kraayenhof, R., 1971. Uncoupling of Energy Conservation in Chloroplast and Mitochondrion. Mondeel, Amsterdam.
Åkerlund, H. E., Andersson, B. and Albertsson, P. Å., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 499: 525–535.
Andersson, B., Åkerlund, H. E. and Albertsson, P. Å. 1977. FEBS Lett. 77: 141–145.
Andersson, B., Sundby, C. and Albertsson, P. Å., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 559: 391–402.
Jagendorf, A. T. and Uribe, E., 1966. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 55: 170–177.
Yamamoto, T. and Tonomura, Y., 1975. J. Biochem. 77: 137–146.
Jasaitis, A. A., Chu, L. V. and Skulachev, V. P., 1973. FEBS Lett. 31: 241–245.
Layton, D. G., Symmons, P. and Williams, W. P., 1974. FEBS Lett. 41: 1–7.
Haynes, D. H., 1974. J. Membrane Biol. 17: 341–366.
Schafer, G., Rieger, E. and Speichert, M., 1974. Eur. J. Biochem. 46: 613–623.
Nürnberg, H. W., 1974. In: Membrane Transport in Plants (Zimmerman, U. and Dainty, J., eds.), pp. 48–53, Springer-Verlag, Munich.
Schäfer, G. and Rowohl-Quisthoudt, G., 1975. FEBS Lett. 59: 48–51.
McLaughlin, S. and Harary, H., 1976. Biochemistry 15: 1941–1948.
Njus, D., Ferguson, S. J., Sorgato, M. C. and Radda, G. K., 1977. In: Structure and Function of Energy-transducing Membranes (Van Dam, K. and Van Gelder, B. F., eds.), pp. 237–250, Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Ferguson, S. J., Lloyd, W. J. and Radda, G. K., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 423: 174–188.
Ernster, L., 1977. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46: 981–995.
Ernster, L. and Lee, C. P., 1967. Methods Enzymol. 10: 729–738.
Hansch, C., Leo, A., Unger, S. H., Kim, K. H., Nikaitani, D. and Lien, E. J., 1973. J. Med. Chem. 16: 1207–1216.
Liberman, E. A., 1977. Biofizika 22: 1115–1128 (Translation: Pergamon Press, Oxford, Biofizika 22: 1160–1170 and 23: 177–183).
Kamo, N., Muratsugu, M., Hongoh, R. and Kobatake, Y., 1979. J. Membrane Biol. 49: 105–121.
Felle, H., Porter, J. S., Slayman, C. L. and Kaback, H. R., 1980. Biochemistry 19: 3585–3590.
Shen, C., Boens, C. C. and Ogawa, S., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 93: 243–249.
Azzone, G. F., Bragadin, M., Pozzan, T. and Antone, P. D., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 459: 96–109.
Hotz, R. W., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 6703–6709.
Hoek, J. B., Nicholls, D. G. and Williamson, J. R., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 1458–1464.
Michel, H. and Oesterhelt, D., 1980. Biochemistry 19: 4615–4619.
Colonna, R., Massari, S. and Azzone, G. F., 1973. Eur. J. Biochem. 34: 577–585.
Akerman, K. E. O. and Wikstrom, M. K. F., 1976. FEBS Lett. 68: 191–197.
Akerman, K. E. and Saris, N. E., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 426: 624–629.
Harris, E. J. and Baum, H., 1980. Biochem. J. 192: 551–557.
Tedeschi, H., 1981. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 639: 157–196.
Guffanti, A. A., Blumenfeld, H. and Krulwich, T. A., 1981. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 8416–8421.
Scarpa, A. and Azzi, A., 1968. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 150: 473–481.
Pressman, B. C., 1976. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 45: 501–530.
Pinkerton, M., Steinrauf, L. K. and Dawkins, P., 1969. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 35: 512–518.
Moore, C. and Pressmann, B. C., 1964. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 15: 562–567.
Höfer, M. and Pressmann, B. C., 1966. Biochemistry 5: 3919–3925.
Ogata, E. and Rasmussen, H., 1966. Biochemistry 5: 57–66.
Azzone, G. F., Massari, S. and Pozzan, T., 1977. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 17: 101–112.
Sandri, G., Sottocasa,G., Panfili, E. and Lint, G., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 558: 214–220.
Fry, M. and Green, D. E., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95: 1529–1535.
Rosier, R. N. and Gunter, T. E., 1980. FEBS Lett. 109: 99–103.
Saltzgaber-Müller, J., Douglas, M. and Racker, E., 1980. FEBS Lett. 120: 49–52.
Bakeeva, L. E., Grinius, L. L., Jasaitis, A. A., Kuliene, V. V., Levitsky, D. O., Liberman,E. A., Severina, I. I. and Skulachev, V. P., 1970. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216: 13–21.
Grinus, L. L., Jasaitis, A. A., Kadziauskas, Y. P., Liberman, E. A., Skulachev, V. P., Topali, V. P., Tsofina, L. M. and Vladimirova, M. A., 1970. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216: 1–12.
Isaev, P. L., Liberman, E. A., Samuilov, V. D., Skulachev, V. P. and Tsofina, L. M., 1970. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216: 22–29.
Drachev, L. L., Jasaitis, A. A., Mikelsaar, H., Nemecek, I. B., Semenov, A. Y., Semenova, E. G., Severina, I. I. and Skulachev, V. P., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 7077–7082.
Padan, E. and Rottenberg, H., 1973. Eur. J. Biochem. 40: 431–437.
Rottenberg, H., 1979. Methods Enzymol. LV: 547–569.
Mike, M. and Chance, B., 1976. FEBS Lett. 54: 347–352.
Chance, B., 1970. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67: 560–571.
Higuti, T., Ohnishi, M., Arakaki, N., Nakasima S. and Yokota, M., 1979. Anal. Biochem. 92: 462–465.
Scatchard, G., 1949. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 51: 660–672.
Hagihara, B., Sato, N., Takahashi, K. and Muraoka, S., 1973. In: Organization of Energy-transducing Membranes (Nakao, M. and Packer, L., eds.), pp. 315–330, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Higuti, T., Niimi, S., Nakasima, S., Saito, R., Tani, I. and Yoshimura, T., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 593: 463–467.
Graves, D. E., Yielding, L. W., Watkins, C. L. and Yielding, K. L., 1977. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 479: 98–104.
Yielding, L. W., Graves, D. E., Brown, B. R. and Yielding, K. L., 1979. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 87: 424–432.
Bayley, H. and Knowles, J. R., 1977. Meth. Enzymol. 46: 69–114.
Gray, W. R., 1967. Meth. Enzymol. XXV: 121–139.
Higuti, T., Arakaki, N., Yokota, M., Hattori, A., Niimi, S. and Nakasima, S., 1979. In: Cation Fluk across Biomembranes (Mukohata, Y. and Packer, L., eds.), pp. 355 and 356, Academic Press, New York.
Capaldi, R. A. and Vanderkool, G., 1972. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69: 930–932.
Hatefi, Y., Haavik, A. G. and Jurtshuk, P., 1961. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 52: 106–118.
Fowler, L. R., Richardson, S. H. and Hatefi, Y., 1962. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 64: 170–173.
Galante, Y. M., Wong, S. and Hatefi, Y., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 12372–12378.
Merle, P., Jarausch, J., Trapp, M., Scherka, R. and Kadenbach, B., 1981. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 669: 222–230.
Merle, P. and Kadenbach, B., 1980. Eur. J. Biochem. 105: 499–507.
Schäfer, G., 1979. Pharmac. Ther. 8: 275–295.
Schäfer, G., 1963. Biochem. Z. 339: 46–52.
Pressman, B. C., 1963. In: Energy-linked Functions of Mitochondria (Chance, B., ed.), pp. 181–203, Academic Press, New York.
Schäfer, G., 1969. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 93: 279–283.
Schäfer, G., 1969. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172: 334–337.
Davidoff, F., 1971. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 4017–4027.
Schäfer, G. and Bojanowski, D., 1972. Eur. J. Biochem. 27: 364–375.
Schäfer, G., 1974. Eur. J. Biochem. 45: 57–66.
Schäfer, G. and Rieger, E., 1974. Eur. J. Biochem. 46: 613–623.
Schäfer, G. and Rowohl-Quisthoudt, G., 1975. FEBS Lett. 59:48–51.
Papa, S., Tuena De Gómez-Puyou, M. and Gömez-Puyou, A., 1975. Eur. J. Biochem. 55: 1–8.
Lehninger, A. L., Reynafarje, B. and Alexandre, A., 1977. In: Structure and Function of Energy-transducing Membranes (Van Dam, K. and Van Gelder, B. V., eds.), pp. 95–106, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
Lehninger, A. L., Raynafarje, B., Davies, P., Alexandre, A., Villalobo, A. and Beavis, A., 1981. In: Mitochondria and Microsomes (Lee, C. P., Schatz, G. and Dallner, G., eds.), pp. 459–479, Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., London.
Azzone, G. F., Massari, S. and Pozzan, T., 1977. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 17: 101–112.
Azzone, G. F., Pozzan, T. and Bragadin, M., 1977. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 5: 487–491.
Conover, T. E. and Azzone, G. F., 1981. In: Mitochondria and Microsomes (Lee, C. P., Schatz, G. and Dallner, G., eds.), pp. 481–518, Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., London.
Kell, D. B., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 549: 55–99.
Kell, D. B., Clarke, D. J. and Morris, J. G., 1981. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 11: 1–11.
Vercesi, A., Reynafarje, B. and Lehninger, A. L., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 6379–6385.
Villalobo, A. and Lehninger, A. L., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 4352–4358.
Reynafarje, B. and Lehninger, A. L., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 6331–6334.
Reynafarje, B., Brand, M. D. and Lehninger, A. L., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 7442–7451.
Lehninger, A. L., Reynafarje, B., Alexandre, A. and Villalobo, A., 1980. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 341: 585–592.
Alexandre, A. and Lehninger, A. L., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 11555–11560.
Alexandre, A., Reynafarje, B. and Lehninger, A. L., 1978. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75: 5296–5300.
Pozzan, T., Divirgilio, F., Bragadin, M., Miconi, V. and Azzone, G. F., 1979. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76: 2123–2127.
Sigel, E. and Carafoli, E., 1978. Eur. J. Biochem. 89: 119–123.
Sigel, E. and Carafoli, E., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 10572–10574.
Casey, R. P., Chappell, J. B. and Azzi, A., 1979. Biochem. J. 182: 149–156.
Mitchell, P. and Moyle, J., 1967. In: Biochemistry of Mitochondria (Slater, E. C., Kaniuga, Z. and Wojtczak, L., eds.), pp. 53–74, Academic Press and Polish Sci. Publ., London and Warsaw.
Moyle, J. and Mitchell, P., 1978. FEBS Lett. 88: 268–272.
Papa, S., LoRusso, M., Guerrieri, F., Izzo, G. and Capuano, F., 1978. In: The Proton and Calcium Pumps (Azzone, G. F., Avron, M., Metcalfe, J. C., Quagliariello, E. and Siliprandi, N., eds.), pp. 367–374, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.
Capuano, F., Izzo, G., Altamura, N. and Papa, S., 1980. FEBS Lett. 111: 249–254.
Papa, S., Capuano, F., Markert, M. and Altamura, N., 1980. FEBS Lett. 111: 243–248.
Papa, S., Guerrieri, F., Lorusso, M., Izzo, G., Bottoli, D., Capuano, F., Capitanio, N. and Altamura, N., 1980. Biochem. J. 192: 203–218.
Papa, S., 1982. J. Bioenerg. Biomemb. 14: 69–86.
Krab, K. and Wikström, M., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 504: 200–214.
Wikström, M. and Krab, K., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 549: 177–222.
Nicholls, D. G., 1974. Eur. J. Biochem. 50: 305–315.
Azzone, G. F., Pozzan, T. and Massari, S., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 501: 307–316.
Holian, A. and Wilson, D. F., 1980. Biochemistry 19: 4213–4221.
Azzone, G. F., Pozzan, T., Viola, E. and Arslan, P., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 501: 317–329.
Sorgato, C., Ferguson, S. J., Kell, D. B. and John, P., 1978. Biochem. J. 174: 237–256.
Johnson, R. N. and Hausford, R. G., 1977. Biochem. J. 164: 305–322.
Leiser, M. and Gromet-Elhanan, Z., 1977. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 178: 79–88.
Kell, D. B., Ferguson, S. J. and John, P., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 502: 111–126.
Bashford, C. L., Baltscheffsky, M. and Prince, R. C., 1979. FEBS Lett. 97: 55–60.
Avron, M., 1976. In: The Structural Basis of Membrane Function (Hatefi, Y. and Djavadi-Ohaniance, L., eds.), pp. 227–238, Academic Press, New York.
Portis, A. R. and McCarty, R. F., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 1610–1617.
McCarty, R. E., 1978. In: The Proton and Calcium Pumps (Azzone, G. F., Avron, M., Metcalfe, J. C., Quagliariello, E. and Siliprandi, N., eds.), pp. 81–91, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.
Guffanti, A. A., Bornstein, R. F. and Krulwich, T. A., 1981. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 635: 619–630.
Yeremenko, S. I., Budker, V. G. and Bekker, Z. M., 1980. Biofizika 25: 294–298.
Sakamoto, J. and Tonomura, Y., 1983. J. Biochem. 93: 1601–1614.
Higuti, T., Arakaki, N. and Hattori, A., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 548: 166–171.
Smith, D. J. and Boyer, P. D., 1976. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73: 4314–4318.
Mitchell, P., 1981. Chem. Brit. 17: 166.
Hatefi, Y., Galante, Y. M., Stiggall, D. L. and Djavadi-Ohaniance, L., 1976. In: The Structural Basis of Membrane Function (Hatefi, Y. and Djavadi-Ohaniance, L., eds.), pp. 169–188, Academic Press, New York.
Slater, E. C., 1999. In: A Treatise on Electron and Coupled Energy Transfer in Biological System (King, T. E. and Klingenberg, M., eds.).
Ohnishi, T., 1979. In: Membrane Proteins in Energy Transduction (Capaldi, R. A., ed.), pp. 1–87, Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel.
Yu, C. A., Nagaoka, S., Yu, L. and King, T. E., 1978. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 82: 1070–1078.
Slater, E. C., 1974. In: Dynamics of Energy-transducing Membranes (Ernster, L., Estabrook, R. W. and Slater, E. C., eds.), Biochim. Biophys. Acta Library Vol 13, pp. 1–20, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam.
Schneider, H., Lemasters, J. J., Hochli, M. and Hackenbrock, C. R., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 3748–3756.
Schneider, H., Hochli, M. and Hackenbrock, C. R., 1982. J. Cell. Biol. 94: 387–393.
Singer, S. J. and Nicholson, G. L., 1971. Science 175: 720–731.
Reich, R., Scheerer, R., Sewe, K. U. and Witt, H. T., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 449: 285–294.
Matsuura, K. and Nishimura, M., 1977. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 459: 483–491.
Michels, P. A. M. and Konings, W. N., 1978. Eur. J. Biochem. 85: 147–155.
Ferguson, S. J., Jones, O. T. G., Kell, D. B. and Sargato, M. C., 1979. Biochem. J. 180: 75–85.
Matsuura, K., Masamoto, K., Itch, S. and Nishimura, M., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 547: 91–102.
Matsuura, K., Ishikawa, T. and Nishimura, M., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 590: 339–344.
Melandri, B. A., Venturoli, G., Desantis, A. and Baccarini-Melandri, A., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 592: 38–52.
Azzi, A., 1969. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 37: 254–260.
Montal, M. and Gitler, C., 1973. Bioenergetics 4: 363–382.
Ji, S., 1976. J. Theor. Biol. 59: 319–330.
Kanazawa, H. and Futai, M., 1983. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 402: 45–64.
Kanazawa, H., Mabuchi, K., Kayano, T., Noumi, T., Sekiya, T. and Futai, M., 1981. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 103: 613–620.
Hoppe, J., Friedl, P., Schairer, H. U., Sebald, W., von Meyenburg, K. and Jorgensen, B. B., 1983. EMBO J. 2 (in press).
Chance, B., 1970. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67: 560–571.
Tanaka, M., Suzuki, H. and Ozawa, T., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 612: 295–298.
Ozawa, T., Suzuki, H. and Tanaka, M., 1980. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77: 928–930.
Ozawa, T., Tanaka, M. and Wakabayashi, T., 1982. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 7175–7179.
Ozawa, T., Tanaka, M. and Shimomura, Y., 1983. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80: 921–925.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Higuti, T. Conformational coupling in H+-pumps and ATP synthesis — its analysis with anisotropic inhibitors of energy transduction in oxidative phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biochem 61, 37–61 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239605
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239605