Abstract
Significant differences were found in both uptake and pharmacokinetics in fish when six lipophilic compounds were dosed by gavage in either an oil or an gelatin carrier. Pharmacokinetics were also different when fish were anaesthetized with ethyl m-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (MS-222) before dosing. The highest uptake percentages, uptake rates and concentrations of the compounds were found in the fish which were given the gelatin carrier only. MS-222 decreased the uptake of the compounds. Absorption of the compounds from oil was lower than from gelatin. In addition, absorption from oil continued for 21 d, which lasted longer than from gelatin. In the fish which were given the gelatin, the concentrations of the compounds in both muscle and liver showed a compound dependent decrease in the course of the experiment. In general, in all treatments higher concentrations were found in liver than in muscle. For each treatment, the absorption rates of pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl were similar, but different from the other treatments. It can be concluded that the experimental methodology significantly affects the pharmacokinetic parameters that are used to model the bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in the environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barber MC, Suárez LA, Lassiter RA (1988) Modeling bioconcentration of nonpolar organic pollutants by fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 7:545–558
Bruggeman WA, Martron LJBM, Kooiman D, Hutzinger O (1981) Accumulation and elimination kinetics of di-, tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls by goldfish after dietary and aqueous exposure. Chemosphere 10:811–832
Bruggeman WA, Opperhuizen A, Wijbenga A, Hutzinger O (1984) Bioaccumulation of super-lipophilic chemicals in fish. Toxicol Environ Chem 7:173–189
Cleland GB, McElroy PJ, Sonstegard RA (1988) The effect of dietary exposure to Aroclor 1254 and/or mirex on humoral immune expression of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquat Toxicol 2:141–146
Dauble DD, Bean RM, Carlile DW (1987) Uptake, distribution, and elimination of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp Biochem Physiol 87C:355–362
Daxboeck C, Holeton GF (1980) The effect of MS-222 on the hypoxic response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp Biochem Physiol 65C:117–121
De Bruijn J, Busser F, Seinen W, Hermens J (1989) Determination of octanol/water partition coefficients for hydrophobic organic chemicals with the “slow-stirring” method. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:499–512
Gibaldi M, Perrier D (1982) Pharmocokinetics. Marcel Dekker, Inc, NY
Gobas FAPC, Muir DCG, Mackay D (1988) Dynamics of dietary bioaccumulation and faecal elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish. Chemosphere 17:943–962
Guarino AM, Arnold ST (1979) Xenobiotic transport mechanism and pharmacokinetics in the dogfish shark. In: ACS Symp Ser 99 (Pesticide and xenobiotic metabolism in aquatic organisms). Am Chem Soc, Washington, DC, pp 233–258
Guiney PD, Peterson RE (1980) Distribution and elimination of a polychlorinated biphenyl after acute dietary exposure in yellow perch and rainbow trout. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 9:667–674
Hastings WH (1968) Nutritional score. In: Neuhaus OW, Halver JE (eds) Fish in research, Academic Press, NY, pp 263–292
Hilton JW, Hodson PV, Braun HE, Leatherland JL, Slinger SJ (1983) Contaminant accumulation and physiological response in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared on naturally contaminated diets. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40:1987–1994
Könemann H, Van Leeuwen K (1980) Toxicokinetics in fish: accumulation and elimination of six chlorobenzenes by guppies. Chemosphere 10:3–19
Krzeminski SF, Gilbert JT, Ritts JA (1977). A pharmacokinetic model for predicting pesticide residues in fish. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 5:157–166
Lieb AJ, Bills DD, Sinnhuber RO (1974) Accumulation of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) by rainbow trout. J Agric Food Chem 22:638–642
Lutz RJ, Dedrick RL (1987) Implications of pharmacokinetic modeling in risk assessment analysis. Environ Health Perspect 76:97–106
Neely WB, Branson DR, Blau GR (1974) Partition coefficients to measure bioconcentration potential of organic compounds by fish. Environ Sci Technol 8:1113–1115
Niimi AJ, Cho CY (1981) Elimination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and an examination of its kinetics in Lake Ontario salmonids. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38:1350–1356
Niimi AJ, Oliver BG (1983) Biological half-lives of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in whole fish and muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40:1388–1394
Niimi AJ (1986) Biological half-lives of chlorinated diphenyl ethers in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquat Toxicol 9:105–116
Oliver BG, Niimi AJ (1985) Bioconcentration factors of some halogenated organics for rainbow trout: limitations in their use for prediction of environmental residues. Environ Sci Technol 19: 842–849
Opperhuizen A (1986) Bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish. In Poston TM, Purdy R (eds) Aquatic toxicology and environmental fate: ninth volume, ASTM STP 921. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 304–315
Opperhuizen A, Schrap SM (1987) Relationships between aqueous oxygen concentration and uptake and elimination rates during bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 6:335–342
—, — (1988) Uptake efficiencies of two polychlorobiphenyls in fish after dietary exposure to five different concentrations. Chemosphere 17:253–262
Pizza JC, O'Connor JM (1983) PCB dynamics in Hudson river striped bass. II. Accumulation from dietary sources. Aquat Toxicol 3:313–327
Rubinstein NI, Gilliam WT, Gregory NR (1984) Dietary accumulation of PCBs from a contaminated sediment source by a demersal fish (Leiostomus xantharus). Aquat Toxicol 5:331–342
Sandborn JR, Childers WF, Hansen LG (1977) Uptake and elimination of [14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus Raf., after feeding contaminated food. J Agric Food Chem 25:551–553
Schrap SM, Opperhuizen A (1988) Elimination kinetics of two unmetabolized polychlorinated biphenyls in Poecilia reticulata after dietary exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 40:381–388
Shiu WY, Mackay D (1986) A critical review of aqueous solubilities, vapor pressures, Henry's law constants, and octanol-water partition coefficients of the polychlorinated biphenyls. J Phys Chem Ref Data 15:911–929
Shiu WY, Doucette W, Gobas FAPC, Andren A, Mackay D (1988) Physical-chemical properties of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ Sci Technol 22:651–658
Sijm DTHM, Opperhuizen A (1988) Biotransformation, bioaccumulation and lethality of 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: a proposal to explain the biotic fate and toxicity of PCDD's and PCDF's. Chemosphere 17:83–99
Sijm DTHM, Yarechewski AL, Muir DCG, Webster GRB, Seinen W, Opperhuizen A (1990) Biotransformation and tissue distribution of 1,2,3,7-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,3,4,7-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in rainbow trout. Chemosphere 21:845–866
Smit GL, Hattingh J (1979) Anaesthetic potency of MS 222 and neutralized MS 222 as studied in three freshwater fish species. Comp Biochem Physiol 62C:237–241
Smith LS (1989) Digestive functions in teleost fishes. In: Halver JE (ed), Fish nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp 331–421
Soivio A, Nyholm K, Huhti M (1977) Effects of anaesthesia with MS 222, neutralized MS 222 and benzocaine on the blood constituents of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J Fish Biol 10:91–101
Spigarelli SA, Thommes MM, Prepejchal W (1983) Thermal and metabolic factors affecting PCB uptake by adult brown trout. Environ Sci Technol 17:88–94
Thomann RV (1981) Bioaccumulation model of organic chemical distribution in aquatic food chains. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38: 280–296
Thomann RV, Connolly JP (1985) Model of PCB in the Lake Michigan lake trout food chain. Environ Sci Technol 18:65–71
Van Hoogen G, Opperhuizen A (1988) Toxicokinetics of chlorobenzenes in fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 7:213–219
Wilkinson L (1989) SYSTAT: The system for statistics. Systat, Inc, Evanston, IL
Zitko V, Carson WG (1977) A comparison of PCB's and isopropyl-PCB's (Chloralkylene 12) by fish. Chemosphere 2/3:133–140
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sijm, D.T.H.M., Bol, J., Seinen, W. et al. Ethyl m-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate dependent and carrier dependent pharmacokinetics of extremely lipophilic compounds in rainbow trout. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25, 102–109 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00230719
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00230719